{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T08:49:09Z","timestamp":1781945349077,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,4]],"date-time":"2009-06-04T04:37:16Z","timestamp":1244090236000},"page":"247-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1279,"title":["Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"C.S.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.W.","family":"Bruulsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.L.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.E.","family":"Fixen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1890\/05-2018","article-title":"Life-cycle assessment of net greenhouse-gas flux for bioenergy cropping systems","volume":"17","author":"Adler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01421.x","article-title":"Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and global warming potential in four high-yielding maize systems","volume":"13","author":"Adviento-Borbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib3","series-title":"Introduction to Soil Microbiology","author":"Alexander","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2006.05.014","article-title":"Tillage and soil carbon sequestration\u2014what do we really know?","volume":"118","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/35042656","article-title":"Global change: it's not a gas","volume":"408","author":"Bange","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.05.010","article-title":"Land use effects on gross nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, and N2O emissions in ephemeral wetlands","volume":"38","author":"Bedard-Haughn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2007.0233","article-title":"No-tillage and soil profile carbon sequestration: an on-farm assessment","volume":"72","author":"Blanco-Conqui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib8","article-title":"Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields: summary of available measurement data","volume":"16","author":"Bouwman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib9","first-page":"195","article-title":"Effects of various nitrogen fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide from soils","volume":"2","author":"Breitenbeck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Fert. Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib10","first-page":"201","article-title":"Effects of rate and depth of fertilizer application on emission of nitrous oxide from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia","volume":"2","author":"Breitenbeck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Fert. Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1126\/science.199.4326.295","article-title":"Nitrous oxide: emission from soils during nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen","volume":"199","author":"Bremner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1992.03615995005600010025x","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emissions in irrigated corn as affected by encapsulated calcium carbide and nitrapyrin","volume":"56","author":"Bronson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1080\/01904169809365507","article-title":"Comparison of ammonium sulfate and urea as nitrogen sources in rice production","volume":"21","author":"Bufogle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4141\/CJSS06020","article-title":"Influence of fertilizer nitrogen source and management practice on N2O emissions from two Black Chernozemic soils","volume":"88","author":"Burton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4141\/S97-047","article-title":"Effect of crop management on C and N in long-term crop rotations after adopting no-tillage management: comparison of soil sampling strategies","volume":"78","author":"Campbell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.5952","article-title":"Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture","volume":"96","author":"Cassman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-31.2.132","article-title":"Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management","volume":"31","author":"Cassman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01280.x","article-title":"Soils, a sink for N2O? A review","volume":"13","author":"Chapuis-Lardy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009731711346","article-title":"Global estimates of potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture","volume":"49","author":"Cole","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib20","series-title":"Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems","first-page":"201","article-title":"Biological denitrification","author":"Coyne","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-389-2008","article-title":"N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels","volume":"8","author":"Crutzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib22","series-title":"Soil Testing and Plant Analysis","first-page":"127","article-title":"Testing soils for available nitrogen","author":"Dahnke","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-1987(03)00162-4","article-title":"Carbon sequestration in a long-term conventional versus conservation tillage experiment","volume":"74","author":"Deen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00007973","article-title":"Denitrification and N2O emission from urine-affected grassland soils","volume":"163","author":"De Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1996.00472425002500050025x","article-title":"Mitigation alternatives to decrease nitrous oxides emissions and urea-nitrogen loss and their effect on methane flux","volume":"25","author":"Delgado","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2005.02.007","article-title":"DAYCENT model analysis of past and contemporary soil N2O and net greenhouse gas flux for major crops in the USA","volume":"83","author":"Del Grosso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0160","article-title":"DAYCENT National-scale simulations of nitrous oxide emissions from cropped soils in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Del Grosso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0292","article-title":"Testing DAYCENT model simulations of corn yields and nitrous oxide emissions in irrigated tillage systems in Colorado","volume":"37","author":"Del Grosso","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib29","series-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","article-title":"Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry","author":"Denman","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2005.01421.x","article-title":"Effect of N-fixing and non N-fixing trees and crops on NO and N2O emissions from Senegalese soils","volume":"33","author":"Dick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib31","series-title":"Proc. of International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) Workshop on Fertilizer Best Management Practices","article-title":"Nutrient use efficiency\u2014measurement and management","author":"Dobermann","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib32","series-title":"Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle: Assessing the Impacts of Fertilizer use on Food Production and the Environment. SCOPE 65","first-page":"261","article-title":"Environmental dimensions of fertilizer N: what can be done to increase nitrogen use efficiency and ensure global food security?","author":"Dobermann","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib33","first-page":"16","article-title":"Global warming potential of high-yielding continuous corn and corn\u2013soybean systems","volume":"91","author":"Dobermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Better Crops"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0042","article-title":"Emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide: influence of tillage type and nitrogen placement depth","volume":"70","author":"Drury","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1990.00472425001900020013x","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized soils: summary of available data","volume":"19","author":"Eichner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4141\/cjss95-075","article-title":"Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting management regimes","volume":"75","author":"Ellert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2002.1858","article-title":"Environmental and agronomic implications of water table and nitrogen fertilization management","volume":"31","author":"Elmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-005-2920-9","article-title":"Impacts of water table management on N2O and N2 from a sandy loam soil in southwestern Quebec, Canada","volume":"72","author":"Elmi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib39","unstructured":"Environment Canada, 2007. National Inventory Report, 1990\u20132005\u2014Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. http:\/\/www.ec.gc.ca\/pdb\/ghg\/inventory_report\/2005_report\/toc_e.cfm (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2005.0134","article-title":"Potential for a rye cover crop to reduce nitrate loss in southwestern Minnesota","volume":"98","author":"Feyereisen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib41","series-title":"Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils","first-page":"289","article-title":"Soil nitrogen budgets","author":"Firestone","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib42","series-title":"Trace Gas Exchange between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere","first-page":"7","article-title":"Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil","author":"Firestone","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib43","series-title":"Fertilizer Best Management Practices: General Principles, Strategy for Adoption, and Voluntary Initiatives vs. Regulations. IFA International Workshop on Fertilizer Best Management Practices","first-page":"77","article-title":"Can we define a global framework within which fertilizer best management practices can be adapted to local conditions?","author":"Fixen","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib44","unstructured":"Fixen, P.E., Johnston, A.M., 2002. Nutrient budgets in North America. In: Plant Nutrient Use in North American Agriculture: Producing Food and Fiber, Preserving the Environment, and Integrating Organic and Inorganic Sources. PPI\/PPIC\/FAR Technical Bulletin 2002-1, pp. 79\u201387 (Chapter ten)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib45","series-title":"Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management","first-page":"17","article-title":"Nitrogen transformation and transport processes","author":"Follett","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib46","series-title":"The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05963","article-title":"Reversal of net dinitrogen gas flux in coastal marine sediments","volume":"448","author":"Fulweiler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The nitrogen cascade","volume":"53","author":"Galloway","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-004-0370-0","article-title":"Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future","volume":"70","author":"Galloway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4141\/CJSS06005","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emissions from denitrification and the partitioning of gaseous losses as affected by nitrate and carbon addition and soil aeration","volume":"88","author":"Gillam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib51","first-page":"8","article-title":"Maximizing irrigated corn yields in the Great Plains","volume":"89","author":"Gordon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Better Crops"},{"issue":"Suppl. 12","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib52","article-title":"Nitrous oxide from agriculture","author":"Granli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Norwegian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, C., Wu, R., 2008. Enhanced-efficiency fertilizers for use on the Canadian prairies. Online. Crop Manage. doi:10.1094\/CM-2008-0730-01-RV.","DOI":"10.1094\/CM-2008-0730-01-RV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0104","article-title":"Modeling the effects of fertilizer application rate on nitrous oxide emissions","volume":"70","author":"Grant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib55","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fertilizer increases corn yield and soil organic matter","volume":"80","author":"Gregorich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Better Crops"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2005.02.009","article-title":"Greenhouse gas contributions of agricultural soils and potential mitigation practices in Eastern Canada","volume":"83","author":"Gregorich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1999.634912x","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in a dryland cropping system","volume":"63","author":"Halvorson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2002.9060","article-title":"Tillage, nitrogen, and cropping system effects on soil carbon sequestration","volume":"66","author":"Halvorson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib59","series-title":"Proc. Great Plains Soil Fertility Conf.","first-page":"28","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilization effects on nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated cropping systems","author":"Halvorson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0268","article-title":"Nitrogen, tillage, and crop rotation effects on nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated cropping systems","volume":"37","author":"Halvorson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB2021","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GB002738","article-title":"Evidence for carbon sequestration by agricultural liming","volume":"21","author":"Hamilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(01)73005-2","article-title":"A review of the effect of N fertilizer type on gaseous emissions","volume":"73","author":"Harrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib63","series-title":"Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management","author":"Havlin","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB1008","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002443","article-title":"Inverse modeling estimates of global nitrous oxide surface flux form 1998\u20132001","volume":"20","author":"Hirsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2000.6462180x","article-title":"Methane and nitrous oxide emissions form a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological processes","volume":"64","author":"Hou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib66","unstructured":"Hultgreen, G., Leduc, P., 2003. The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Placement, Formulation, Timing, and Rate on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Agronomic Performance. Final Report, Project No. 5300G, ADF#19990028, Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and Food, Regina, SK. http:\/\/www.agr.gov.sk.ca\/apps\/adf\/adf_admin\/reports\/19990028.pdf (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2624(199912)162:6<607::AID-JPLN607>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emission as affected by changes in soil water content and nitrogen fertilization","volume":"162","author":"Hutsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib68","series-title":"Sustainable Management of the Nitrogen Cycle in Agriculture and Mitigation of Reactive Nitrogen Side Effects","author":"IFA","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib69","series-title":"Global Estimates of Gaseous Emissions of NH3, NO, and N2O from Agricultural Land","author":"IFA\/FAO","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib70","series-title":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","article-title":"Climate change 1995: the science of climate change","author":"IPCC","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib71","series-title":"Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","article-title":"Climate change 2001: the scientific basis","author":"IPCC","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib72","unstructured":"IPCC, 2006. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Chapter 11: N2O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application. http:\/\/www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp\/public\/2006gl\/pdf\/4_Volume4\/V4_11_Ch11_N2O&CO2.pdf (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.1285","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural toposequences in Alberta and Saskatchewan","volume":"68","author":"Izaurralde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib74","series-title":"Soil Acidity and Liming","first-page":"333","article-title":"Crop response to lime in the western United States","author":"Jackson","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2007.02.006","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilization and cropping system effects on soil organic carbon and total N pools under chisel-plow tillage in Illinois","volume":"95","author":"Jagadamma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib76","series-title":"Proc. of the Upper Mississippi River Sub-Basin Hypoxia Nutrient Committee Workshop","first-page":"141","article-title":"Sustaining soil resources while managing nutrients","author":"Jaynes","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib77","first-page":"3","article-title":"Balanced fertility management: a key to nutrient use efficiency","volume":"81","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Better Crops"},{"issue":"15&16","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1080\/00103629509369459","article-title":"Influence of nitrate on methane production and oxidation in flooded soil","volume":"26","author":"Jugsujinda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib79","series-title":"Site-Specific Application of Fertilizer N for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions","author":"Kachanoski","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0099","article-title":"The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbon sequestration","volume":"36","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0765.2006.00072.x","article-title":"Life cycle inventory-based analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from arable land farming systems in Hokkaido, northern Japan","volume":"52","author":"Koga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/713610854","article-title":"Global potential of carbon sequestration to mitigate the greenhouse effect","volume":"22","author":"Lal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib83","series-title":"The Potential of U.S. Cropland to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect","author":"Lal","year":"1998"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ss.0000106407.84926.6b","article-title":"Achieving soil carbon sequestration in the U.S.: a challenge to the policy makers","volume":"168","author":"Lal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0337","article-title":"Tillage and field scale controls on greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib86","series-title":"Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils","first-page":"503","article-title":"Soil nitrogen budgets","author":"Legg","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4141\/S98-013","article-title":"Tillage and N-source influence soil-emitted nitrous oxide in the Alberta Parkland region","volume":"79","author":"Lemke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199602000-00005","article-title":"Modeling the effects of inorganic and organic amendments on organic matter in a Quebec soil","volume":"161","author":"Liang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1990.03615995005400060048x","article-title":"Fertilizer effects on dinitrogen, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions from lowland rice","volume":"54","author":"Lindau","year":"1990","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1984.03615995004800060013x","article-title":"Effect of water-filled pores space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils","volume":"48","author":"Linn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1998.00472425002700060029x","article-title":"Denitrification from soils of a year-round forage production system fertilized with liquid dairy manure","volume":"27","author":"Lowrance","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib92","unstructured":"Ludwick, A.E., Johnston, A.M., 2002. Organic Nutrients. In: Plant Nutrient Use in North American Agriculture: Producing Food and Fiber, Preserving the Environment, and Integrating Organic and Inorganic Sources. PPI\/PPIC\/FAR Technical Bulletin 2002-1, pp. 33\u201339 (Ch. 6)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2000.00472425002900020033x","article-title":"Nitrous and nitrogen oxide emissions from turfgrass receiving different forms of nitrogen fertilizer","volume":"29","author":"Maggiato","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2005.09.001","article-title":"Tillage, nitrogen and crop residue effects on crop yield and nutrient uptake, soil quality and greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"90","author":"Malhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib95","series-title":"Plant Roots\u2014the Hidden Half","first-page":"505","article-title":"Root-induced changes in the availability of micronutrients in the rhizosphere","author":"Marschner","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.112","article-title":"Integration of environmental, agronomic, and economic aspects of fertilizer management","volume":"280","author":"Matson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x","article-title":"Nonlinear response of N2O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system","volume":"11","author":"McSwiney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib98","series-title":"Nitrogen in Crop Production","first-page":"391","article-title":"Evaluating plant-available nitrogen in soil\u2013crop systems","author":"Meisinger","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib99","series-title":"Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle: Assessing the Impacts of Fertilizer Use on Food Production and the Environment. SCOPE 65","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilizer: an essential component of increased food, feed, and fiber production","author":"Mosier","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0232","article-title":"Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in irrigated cropping systems in northeastern Colorado","volume":"35","author":"Mosier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib101","unstructured":"Mosquera, J., Hol, J.M.G., Rappoldt, C., Dolfing, J., 2007. Precise Soil Management as a Tool to Reduce CH4 and N2O Emissions from Agricultural Soils. Report 28. Wageningen. 42 pp. http:\/\/www.asg.wur.nl\/NR\/rdonlyres\/F81D8745-6596-4296-A292-8553950E2B98\/40310\/28.pdf (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motavalli, P.P., Goyne, K.W., Udawatta, R.P., 2008. Environmental impacts of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers. Online. Crop Manage. doi:10.1094\/CM-2008-0730-02-RV.","DOI":"10.1094\/CM-2008-0730-02-RV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB3017","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GB002755","article-title":"Interannual and seasonal variability in atmospheric N2O","volume":"21","author":"Nevison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib104","series-title":"Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems","first-page":"173","article-title":"Nitrification in agricultural soils","author":"Norton","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib105","unstructured":"NRCan, 2007. Canadian ammonia producers: benchmarking energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions. Issued by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy Conservation, Natural Resources Canada. ISBN 978-0-662-45981-1."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-31.2.159","article-title":"Nutrient management in food production: achieving agronomic and environmental targets","volume":"31","author":"Oenema","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib107","series-title":"Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management","first-page":"255","article-title":"Gaseous nitrogen emissions form livestock farming systems","author":"Oenema","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib108","unstructured":"Pach, J.D., 2007. Ammonia production: Energy efficiency, CO2 balances and environmental impact. Paper Presented to the International Fertiliser Society at a Meeting in London, UK on 11 October 2007. ISBN 978-0-85310-238-0."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0333","article-title":"Effect of sampling frequency on estimates of cumulative nitrous oxide emissions","volume":"37","author":"Parkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0183","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emissions from corn\u2013soybean systems in the Midwest","volume":"35","author":"Parkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.05.013","article-title":"Tools for quantifying N2O emissions from agroecosystems","volume":"142","author":"Pattey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1992.03615995005600020023x","article-title":"Modeling soil organic matter in organic-amended and N-fertilized long-term plots","volume":"56","author":"Paustian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib113","series-title":"Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect","first-page":"69","article-title":"Management impacts on carbon storage and gas fluxes (CO2, CH4) in mid-latitude cropland","author":"Paustian","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib114","series-title":"Soil Organic Matter in Temperate Agroecosystems","first-page":"39","article-title":"Management controls on soil carbon","author":"Paustian","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib115","unstructured":"PPI\/PPIC\/FAR, 2005. Soil Test Levels in North America, 2005: Summary Update. Technical Bulletin 2005-1. Potash & Phosphate Institute, Norcross, GA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4141\/S00-052","article-title":"Ammonia volatilization from soils fertilized with urea and varying rates of urease inhibitor NBPT","volume":"81","author":"Rawluk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0001le","article-title":"Comment on \u201cThe Myth of Nitrogen Fertilization for Soil Carbon Sequestration\u201d, by S.A. Khan et al. in the Journal of Environmental Quality 36:1821\u20131832","volume":"37","author":"Reid","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib118","series-title":"Fertilizer Best Management Practices. General Principles, Strategy for their Adoption, and Voluntary Initiatives vs. Regulations. Proc. of IFA International Workshop","first-page":"29","article-title":"Right product, right rate, right time and right place (the foundation of best management practices for fertilizer","author":"Roberts","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5486.1922","article-title":"Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere","volume":"289","author":"Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib120","series-title":"The Global Carbon Cycle","first-page":"493","article-title":"Abatement of nitrous oxide, methane, and the other non-CO2 greenhouse gases: the need for a systems approach","author":"Robertson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib121","series-title":"Soil Microbiology, Bio-chemistry, and Ecology","first-page":"341","article-title":"Nitrogen transformation","author":"Robertson","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.4930","article-title":"Emissions of N2O from alfalfa and soybean crops in Eastern Canada","volume":"68","author":"Rochette","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2134\/jpa1996.0114","article-title":"Economic and environmental impacts of long-term nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization","volume":"9","author":"Schlegel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Prod. Agric."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199702000-00005","article-title":"Chemical model structures for soil organic matter and soils","volume":"162","author":"Schulten","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(03)00139-7","article-title":"Nitrous oxide fluxes from maize fields: relationship to yield, site-specific fertilization, and soil conditions","volume":"99","author":"Sehy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in controlled release fertilizers","volume":"71","author":"Shaviv","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1992.00021962008400050020x","article-title":"Conserving residual corn fertilizer nitrogen with winter cover","volume":"84","author":"Shipley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib128","series-title":"Controlled Release Fertilizers with Polyolefin Resin Coating","author":"Shoji","year":"1992"},{"issue":"7&8","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1081\/CSS-100104103","article-title":"Use of controlled release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors to increase nitrogen use efficiency and to conserve air and water quality","volume":"32","author":"Shoji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2003.00730.x","article-title":"The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practiced in the long term","volume":"10","author":"Six","year":"2004","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(93)90007-X","article-title":"Nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide in a sandy loam soil","volume":"25","author":"Skiba","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-31.2.126","article-title":"Nitrogen and food production: proteins for human diets","volume":"31","author":"Smil","year":"2002","journal-title":"AMBIO: J. Hum. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib133","unstructured":"Snyder, C.S., 2008. Fertilizer Nitrogen BMPs to Limit Losses that Contribute to Global Warming. International Plant Nutrition Institute. June 2008. Reference # 08057. 8 pp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib134","first-page":"3","article-title":"Rice production in the United States\u2014an overview","volume":"85","author":"Snyder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Better Crops"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib135","unstructured":"Snyder, C.S., Bruulsema, T.W., 2007. Nutrient Use Efficiency and Effectiveness in North America: Indices of Agronomic and Environmental Benefit. International Plant Nutrition Institute. June 2007. Reference # 07076. 4 pp. http:\/\/www.ipni.net\/ipniweb\/portal.nsf\/0\/D58A3C2DECA9D7378525731E006066D5 (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib136","series-title":"Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils","first-page":"651","article-title":"Assessment of soil nitrogen availability","author":"Stanford","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-006-9000-7","article-title":"N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions","volume":"74","author":"Stehfest","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2005.0001","article-title":"The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients to food production","volume":"97","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/07352680600794232","article-title":"Scope and strategies for regulation of nitrification in agricultural systems\u2014challenges and opportunities","volume":"25","author":"Subbarao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4141\/S02-062","article-title":"Nitrous oxide production from granular nitrogen fertilizers applied to a silt loam soil","volume":"83","author":"Tenuta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1996.03615995006000040024x","article-title":"Soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from no-till corn","volume":"60","author":"Thornton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib142","series-title":"Improved Fertilizer Use Efficiency. Controlled-release and Stabilized Fertilizers in Agriculture","author":"Trenkel","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib143","unstructured":"UNESCO and SCOPE, 2007. Human Alteration of the Nitrogen Cycle: Threats, Benefits and Opportunities. April 2007-No. 4. UNESCO-SCOPE, Paris, France."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib144","series-title":"Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132005. EPA 430-R-07-002","author":"USEPA","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4141\/S03-009","article-title":"Influence of agricultural management on soil organic carbon: a compendium and assessment of Canadian studies","volume":"83","author":"VandenBygaart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-003-0589-2","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emission from animal manures applied to soil under controlled conditions","volume":"37","author":"Velthoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2005.0018","article-title":"Nitrogen oxide and methane emissions under varying tillage and fertilizer management","volume":"34","author":"Venterea","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0283","article-title":"Profile analysis modeling and modeling of reduced tillage effects on soil nitrous oxide flux","volume":"37","author":"Venterea","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib149","series-title":"The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model","author":"Wang","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib150","series-title":"Proc. of the IFA Int\u2019l. Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers","article-title":"Urease inhibitors","author":"Watson","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib151","unstructured":"Weiske, A., 2006. Selection and specification of technical and management-based greenhouse gas mitigation measures in agricultural production for modeling. In: Specific Targeted Research Project N\u00b0Sspect2004503604, Impact of Environmental Agreements on the CAP. Document number: MEACAP WP3 D10a Dissemination level: public. http:\/\/www.ieep.eu\/publications\/pdfs\/meacap\/D10a_GHG_mitigation_measures_for_modelling.pdf (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.08.023","article-title":"Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in European conventional and organic dairy farming","volume":"112","author":"Weiske","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00233-X","article-title":"A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States","volume":"91","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.01.002","article-title":"The contribution of agricultural lime to carbon dioxide emission in the United States: dissolution, transport, and net emissions","volume":"108","author":"West","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib155","unstructured":"Wilson Jr., C., Slaton, N., Norman, R., Miller, D., 2006. Efficient Use of Fertilizer. Rice Production Handbook. University of Arkansas, IN. Coop. Ext. Serv. MP192. pp. 51\u201374 (Ch. 8). http:\/\/www.uaex.edu\/Other_Areas\/publications\/PDF\/MP192\/chapter8.pdf (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.1342","article-title":"Long-term corn residue effects: harvest alternatives, soil carbon turnover, and root-derived carbon","volume":"68","author":"Wilts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/B:FRES.0000025287.52565.99","article-title":"A meta-evaluation of nitrapyrin agronomic and environmental effectiveness with emphasis on corn production in the Midwestern USA","volume":"69","author":"Wolt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib158","unstructured":"Wood, S., Cowie, A., 2004. A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production. IEA Bioenergy Task 38. http:\/\/www.ieabioenergy-task38.org\/publications\/GHG_Emission_Fertilizer%20Production_July2004.pdf (verified 14 April 2008)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4141\/CJSS06010","article-title":"Effect of fertilizer nitrogen management on N2O emissions in commercial corn fields","volume":"88","author":"Zebarth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."}],"container-title":["Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167880909001297?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167880909001297?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T07:25:32Z","timestamp":1759130732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167880909001297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167880909001297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-8809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-8809","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2009.04.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}