{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:15:40Z","timestamp":1793513740601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Heart Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,30]],"date-time":"2007-05-30T07:58:01Z","timestamp":1180511881000},"page":"907-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":818,"title":["Human epicardial adipose tissue: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Harold S.","family":"Sacks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Fain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Atherosclerotic lesions: possible interactive involvement of intima, adventitia and associated adipose tissue","volume":"7","author":"Chaldkov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.6.0415","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Their relation to the metabolic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Wajchenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1336","article-title":"Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans","volume":"145","author":"Fain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0395","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ","volume":"89","author":"Kershaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2005.01468.x","article-title":"Endocrine and signalling role of adipose tissue; new perspectives on fat","volume":"184","author":"Trayhurn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0263","article-title":"Adipose tissue. From lipid storage compartment to endocrine organ","volume":"55","author":"Scherer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031049","article-title":"Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"350","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.356","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults","volume":"287","author":"Ford","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.21.2709","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men","volume":"288","author":"Lakka","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017823.53114.4C","article-title":"Report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Disease and Kidney Diseases working group on the pathophysiology of obesity-associated cardiovascular disease","volume":"105","author":"Eckel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(78)90263-4","article-title":"Formation of the epicardium studied with the scanning electron microscope","volume":"66","author":"Ho","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib12","series-title":"Gray's Anatomy","first-page":"1493","article-title":"The anatomical basis of medicine and surgery","author":"Willliams","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib13","first-page":"536","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue: anatomic, biomolecular and clinical relationship with the heart. Nature clinical practice","volume":"2","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovas Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200502000-00007","article-title":"Pericardial and visceral adipose tissue measured volumetrically with computed tomography are highly associated in type 2 diabetic families","volume":"40","author":"Wheeler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000137982.10191.0a","article-title":"Visceral fat in hypertension: influence of insulin resistance and b-cell function","volume":"44","author":"Sironi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib16","series-title":"The developing human. Clinically oriented embryology","first-page":"189","author":"Moore","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00709-7","article-title":"Pericardial fat accumulation in men as a risk factor for coronary artery disease","volume":"157","author":"Taguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib18","first-page":"225","article-title":"Adipose tissue in the mammalian heart and pericardium; structure, foetal development and biochemical properties","volume":"94B","author":"Marchington","year":"1989","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib19","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Site-specific properties of pericardial and epicardial adipose tissue: the effects of insulin and high-fat feeding on lipogenesis and the incorporation of fatty acids on vitro","volume":"14","author":"Marchington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib20","series-title":"Pathophysiology. The biologic basis for disease in adults and children","first-page":"932","article-title":"Chambers of the heart","author":"McCance","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112820","article-title":"Myocardial metabolism of free fatty acids","volume":"79","author":"Wisneski","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1552","article-title":"Myocardial uptake of circulating triglycerides in non-diabetic patients with heart disease","volume":"56","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1476","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00195.2005","article-title":"Vasoactive prostanoids are generated from arachidonic acid by COX-1 and COX-2 in the mouse","volume":"289","author":"Baber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.10.005","article-title":"Paracrine role for periadventitial adipose tissue in the regulation of arterial tone","volume":"25","author":"Gollasch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.5.506","article-title":"Non-invasive in vivo human coronary lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"102","author":"Fayad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"suppl 650","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib26","first-page":"OWO2","article-title":"Adiponectin is a novel potent humoral vasodilator","volume":"186","author":"Fesus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2004.08.005","article-title":"The ventricular epicardial fat is related to the myocardial mass in normal, ischemic and hypertrophic hearts","volume":"13","author":"Corradi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.06.075","article-title":"Relation between epicardial adipose tissue and left ventricular mass","volume":"94","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib29","first-page":"490","article-title":"Epicardial fat on the right ventricle-morphology, morphometry and functional significance","volume":"43","author":"Schejbal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90445-X","article-title":"Sudden death as a result of heart disease in morbid obesity","volume":"130","author":"Duflou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030698","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue is related to anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome: a new indicator of cardiovascular risk","volume":"88","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib32","article-title":"Influence of epicardial adipose tissue and adipocytokine levels on cardiac abnormalities in visceral obesity","author":"Malavazos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.12.030","article-title":"Mapping epicardial fat with multidetector computed tomography to facilitate percutaneous transepicardial arrhythmia ablation","volume":"57","author":"Abbara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.074872","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue imaged by magnetic resonance imaging: an important risk marker of cardiovascular disease","volume":"92","author":"Kessels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib35","first-page":"345","article-title":"Imaging of visceral adipose tissue: an emerging diagnostic tool and therapeutic target","volume":"5","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Hematol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117936","article-title":"Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-a in human obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"95","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.47.1.98","article-title":"Depot-specific differences in adipose tissue gene expression in lean and obese subjects","volume":"47","author":"Lefebre","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1329.063","article-title":"Comparison of gene expression in intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat. A study of men with morbid obesity and non-obese men using microarray and proteomics","volume":"1030","author":"Von Eyben","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib39","first-page":"371-OR","article-title":"Role of macrophage infiltration in inflammatory changes of obese subjects' adipose tissue","volume":"55","author":"D'adamo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib40","first-page":"847","article-title":"Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid","volume":"83","author":"Fried","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib41","first-page":"369-OR","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages(ATM): omental white adipose tissue(WAT) is more infiltrated than subcutaneous WAT in human obesity","volume":"55","author":"Cancello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117899","article-title":"The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss and relationship to lipoprotein lipase","volume":"95","author":"Kern","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib44","first-page":"443","article-title":"Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the non-fat cells","volume":"74","author":"Fain","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0924","article-title":"Production and release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor from human adipocytes","volume":"146","author":"Skuple","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20514","article-title":"Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Wellen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26498","article-title":"MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in obesity","volume":"116","author":"Kanda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24335","article-title":"CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high fat feeding","volume":"116","author":"Weisberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29881","article-title":"Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization","author":"Lumeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00269.2003","article-title":"Higher production of IL-8 in visceral vs. subcutaneous adipose tissue. Implication of nonadipose cells in adipose tissue","volume":"286","author":"Bruun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000183883.72263.13","article-title":"A paracrine loop between adipocytes and macrophages aggravates inflammatory changes. Role of free fatty acids and tumor-necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"25","author":"Suganami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480535","article-title":"Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a. Effect of weight loss in obese men","volume":"148","author":"Bruun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E527","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00110.2003","article-title":"Regulation of adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans","volume":"285","author":"Bruun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000084992.10766.36","article-title":"All in the family. VEGF-B joins the ranks of proangiogenic cytokines","volume":"93","author":"Yoon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib56","first-page":"1074","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of human epicardial adipocytes: potential role in vascular inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Stoll","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10762","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease","volume":"106","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1933.00160060085007","article-title":"Adiposity of the heart: A clinical study of one hundred and thirty six obese patients","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"1933","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200306000-00008","article-title":"Lipotoxicity: when tissues overeat","volume":"14","author":"Schaffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-7-200604040-00011","article-title":"Adiposity of the heart, revisited","volume":"144","author":"McGavrock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1784","article-title":"Lipotoxic heart disease in obese rats: implications for human obesity","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00021","volume":"145","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss","volume":"26","author":"Poirer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6300","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1087","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese subjects","volume":"90","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199810000-00012","article-title":"The response-to-retention hypothesis of atherogenesis reinforced","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000174795.62387.d3","article-title":"Lipoprotein retention\u2014and clues for atheroma regression","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00676-6","article-title":"Subepicardial fat in human coronary atherosclerosis: another neglected phenomenon","volume":"154","author":"Chaldkov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01008038","article-title":"Absence of atherosclerosis evolution in the coronary arterial segments covered by myocardial tissue in cholesterol-fed rabbits","volume":"430","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199805)185:1<4::AID-PATH50>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"The effects of a myocardial bridge on coronary atherosclerosis and ischemia","volume":"185","author":"Ishii","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib70","first-page":"507","article-title":"Anomalous coronary artery arising from the opposite sinus: descriptive features and pathophysiologic mechanisms, as documented by intravascular ultrasound","volume":"15","author":"Angelini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2006.01.009","article-title":"Acute take-off of the right coronary artery with long intra-aortic wall course presenting as chronic coronary ostium occlusion in a patient with end-stage heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Litovsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib72","first-page":"35","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital","volume":"292","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib73","first-page":"3077","article-title":"Postmortem findings in congenital generalised lipodystrophy","volume":"80","author":"Chandalia","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4301.097195","article-title":"Perivascular inflammation after balloon angioplasty of porcine coronary arteries","volume":"104","author":"Okamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000099542.57313.C5","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators","volume":"108","author":"Mazurek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib76","first-page":"251","article-title":"Adiponectin expression in human epicardial adipose tissue is lower in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"29","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-5-1","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue expresses a pathogenic profile of adipocytokines in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1044","article-title":"Increased subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients: possible role in post-operative insulin resistance","author":"Kremen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib79","first-page":"108","article-title":"The role of periadventitial fat in atherosclerosis. An adipose subset with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"130","author":"Vela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000099786.99623.EF","article-title":"Adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0518","article-title":"Adiponectin: a novel adipokine linking adipocytes and vascular function","volume":"89","author":"Goldstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1730","article-title":"Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of acute myocardial infarction in men","volume":"291","author":"Piscon","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118476","article-title":"Chronic treatment with IL-1beta induces coronary intimal lesions and vasospastic responses in pigs in vivo","volume":"97","author":"Shimokawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000188508.40052.35","article-title":"Production of chemokines by perivascular adipose tissue","volume":"25","author":"Henrichot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66585-3","article-title":"\u201cVasocrine signalling\u201d from perivascular fat: a mechanism linking insulin resistance to vascular disease","volume":"365","author":"Judkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1568","article-title":"Enhanced coronary vasa vasorum neovascularisation in experimental hypercholesterolemia","volume":"101","author":"Kwon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.578955","article-title":"Neovascularisation in human atherosclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.07.060","article-title":"New aspects in the pathogenesis of diabetic atherothrombosis","volume":"44","author":"Moreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-3-1","article-title":"Vasa vasorum in plaque angiogenesis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atheroscleropathy: a malignant transformation","volume":"3","author":"Hayden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000178991.71605.18","article-title":"Atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability to rupture. Angiogenesis as a source of intraplaque hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Virmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30992","article-title":"Macrophage heterogeneity and tissue lipids","volume":"117","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28549","article-title":"Monocyte subsets employ CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 to accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"117","author":"Tacke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29950","article-title":"Ly-6Chi monocytes dominate hypercholesterolemia-associated monocytosis and give rise to macrophages in atheromata","volume":"117","author":"Swirski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.12.2101","article-title":"Compared with dietary monounsaturated and saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat protects African green monkeys from coronary artery atherosclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Rudel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2305","article-title":"Expression of CD68 and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in human adipose and muscle tissues. Association with cytokine expression, insulin resistance, and reduction by pioglitazone","volume":"54","author":"Di Gregorio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["American Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002870307002414?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002870307002414?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:31:26Z","timestamp":1757568686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002870307002414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002870307002414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-8703","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Human epicardial adipose tissue: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Heart Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}