{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:38:22Z","timestamp":1792093102011,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Heart Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T17:11:19Z","timestamp":1344445879000},"page":"163-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Anatomy, mechanics, and pathophysiology of the mitral annulus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Silbiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.10.014","article-title":"Contemporary insights into the functional anatomy of the mitral valve","volume":"158","author":"Silbiger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.59.6.712","article-title":"A histological study of the atrioventricular junction in hearts with normal and prolapsed leaflets of the mitral valve","volume":"59","author":"Angelini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0015","first-page":"IV5","article-title":"Anatomy of the mitral valve","volume":"88","author":"Ho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.3.589","article-title":"Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of the mitral valve, with implications for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse","volume":"80","author":"Levine","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000025426.39426.83","article-title":"Effect of annular shape on leaflet curvature in reducing mitral leaflet stress","volume":"102","author":"Salgo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0030","series-title":"Heart and coronary arteries: an anatomical atlas for clinical diagnosis, radiological investigation, and surgical treatment","first-page":"39","author":"McCalpine","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0035","first-page":"21","article-title":"Effect of atrial fibrillation on the dynamics of mitral annular area","volume":"12","author":"Pai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2006.00408.x","article-title":"Comparative echocardiographic analysis of mitral and tricuspid annular motion: differences explained with proposed anatomic-structural correlates","volume":"24","author":"Lopez-Candales","year":"2007","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.187","article-title":"Structure, function and dynamics of the mitral valve annulus: importance in mitral valve repair for myxomatous valve disease","volume":"6","author":"Lawrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00126-8","article-title":"Pulmonary venous flow by Doppler echocardiography: revisited 12 years later","volume":"41","author":"Tabata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H452","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01148.2006","article-title":"Atrioventricular plane displacement is the major contributor to left ventricular pumping in healthy adults, athletes, and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"292","author":"Carlsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8191.2005.200329.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the mitral valve leaflet morphology after mitral valve reconstruction with concept \u201ccoaptation length index\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.901181","article-title":"Mitral annular dynamics in myxomatous disease: new insights with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"121","author":"Grewal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.64.1.113","article-title":"Size and motion of the mitral annulus in man I: a two-dimensional echocardiographic method and findings in normal subjects","volume":"64","author":"Ormistion","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0075","first-page":"II-115","article-title":"Most ovine mitral annular three-dimensional size reduction occurs before ventricular systole and is abolished with ventricular pacing","volume":"96","author":"Glasson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(00)90077-2","article-title":"Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of annular shape changes in the normal and regurgitant valve","volume":"139","author":"Kaplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00880-4","article-title":"Annular remodeling in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: ring selection implications","volume":"76","author":"Tibayan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.03.067","article-title":"Mitral annular hinge motion contribution to changes in mitral septal-lateral dimension and annular area","volume":"138","author":"Itoh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8191.1997.tb00103.x","article-title":"Mitral annular flexibility","volume":"12","author":"Komoda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Card Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.04.001","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into ischemic mitral regurgitation: echocardiographic and surgical implications","volume":"24","author":"Silbiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2005.12.034","article-title":"A clinical study of annular geometry and dynamics in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation: new insights into symmetrical ring annuloplasty","volume":"29","author":"De Simone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0110","first-page":"I-458","article-title":"Mitral annulus flattens in ischemic mitral regurgitation: geometric differences between inferior and anterior myocardial infarction: a real time 3-dimensional echocardiography study","volume":"112","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0115","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Geometric changes of mitral apparatus assessed by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: becoming enlarged and less nonplanar in the anteroposterior direction during systole in proportion to global left ventricular systolic function","volume":"17","author":"Kwan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0120","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Dynamic changes of mitral annular geometry and motion in ischemic mitral regurgitation: ring selection implications","volume":"27","author":"Daimon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.702035","article-title":"Evolving concepts and technologies in mitral valve repair","volume":"117","author":"Fedak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl. II","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0130","first-page":"II-95","article-title":"Mitral annular dilatation and papillary muscle dislocation without mitral regurgitation in sheep","volume":"100","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.03.066","article-title":"Repair of ischemic mitral regurgitation: comparison between flexible and rigid angioplasty rings","volume":"87","author":"Silberman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(99)70427-7","article-title":"Mitral annular size and shape in sheep with annuloplasty rings","volume":"117","author":"Glasson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl. I","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0145","first-page":"I67","article-title":"Flexible versus nonflexible mitral valve rings for congestive heart failure: differential durability of repair","volume":"114","author":"Spoor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jen165","article-title":"Mechanisms of valve competency after mitral valve annuloplasty for ischaemic mitral regurgitation using the Geofrom ring: insights from three-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"10","author":"Armen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0155","first-page":"I588","article-title":"Mitral valve repair with Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring for ischemic mitral regurgitation: early echocardiographic results form a multi-center study","volume":"114","author":"Daimon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000053558.55471.2D","article-title":"Geometric differences of the mitral apparatus between ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy with significant mitral regurgitation: real-time three-dimensional echocardiography study","volume":"107","author":"Kwan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.125342","article-title":"Ventricular remodeling and mitral valve modifications in dilated cardiomyopathy: new insights from anatomic study","volume":"124","author":"Hueb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.128739","article-title":"Does the intertrigonal distance dilate? Never say never","volume":"124","author":"McCarthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.01.022","article-title":"Saddle-shaped mitral valve annuloplasty rings improve leaflet coaptation geometry","volume":"142","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl. I","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0180","first-page":"S250","article-title":"Saddle-shaped mitral valve annuloplasty rings experience lower forces compared to flat rings","volume":"118","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.03.077","article-title":"Percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip system: safety and midterm durability in the EVEREST (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-edge REpair study) cohort","volume":"54","author":"Feldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.4.713","article-title":"Size and motion of the mitral valve in man II. Abnormalities in mitral valve prolapse","volume":"64","author":"Ormiston","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.06.001","article-title":"Dynamic annular geometry in patients with mitral regurgitation: insight from three-dimensional annular tracking","volume":"23","author":"Little","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.09.015","article-title":"Mitral annular remodeling with varying degrees and mechanisms of chronic mitral regurgitation","volume":"20","author":"Mihalatos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.04.112","article-title":"Is the anterior intertrigonal distance increased in patients with mitral regurgitation due to leaflet prolapse","volume":"88","author":"Suri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198602273140902","article-title":"The association of floppy mitral valve with disjunction of the mitral annulus fibrosus","volume":"314","author":"Hutchins","year":"1986","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2005.06.013","article-title":"Mitral annular disjunction in advanced myxomatous disease: echocardiographic detection and surgical correction","volume":"18","author":"Eriksson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0220","first-page":"S6","article-title":"Assessment of mitral annular disjunction by cardiac MRI in patients with mitral valve prolapse","volume":"19S","author":"Christiansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.05.059","article-title":"Mitral valve repair for advanced myxomatous degeneration with posterior displacement of the mitral annulus","volume":"136","author":"Newcomb","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00626-0","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan profiles of myxomatous mitral leaflets and chordae parallel the severity of mechanical alterations","volume":"42","author":"Grande-Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(96)00477-8","article-title":"Three-dimensional dynamics of the canine mitral annulus during ischemic mitral regurgitation","volume":"62","author":"Glasson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.01.012","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of mitral valve apparatus in mitral valve prolapse before and after annuloplasty: a three-dimensional intraoperative transesophageal study","volume":"24","author":"Maffessanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.02.013","article-title":"Initial clinical experience with Myxo-ETlogix mitral valve repair ring","volume":"136","author":"McCarthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)89217-X","article-title":"Effect of isolated left atrial enlargement on mitral annular size and valve competence","volume":"77","author":"Tanimoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.66.913","article-title":"Impact of atrial fibrillation on tricuspid and mitral annular dilatation and valvular regurgitation","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01838-7","article-title":"Isolated annular dilation does not usually cause important functional mitral regurgitation: comparison between patients with lone atrial fibrillation and those with idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"39","author":"Otsuji","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.032","article-title":"Evidence of atrial functional mitral regurgitation due to atrial fibrillation","volume":"58","author":"Gertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2009.00904.x","article-title":"Mitral regurgitation associated with mitral annular dilatation in patients with lone atrial fibrillation: an echocardiographic study","volume":"25","author":"Kihara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2009.01118.x","article-title":"Mitral regurgitation in lone atrial fibrillation: more than a matter of annular size","volume":"27","author":"Silbiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0280","first-page":"294","article-title":"Mitral valve compensation for annular dilatation: in vitro study into the mechanisms of functional mitral regurgitation with an adjustable annulus model","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0285","first-page":"I-99","article-title":"Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling: prospective changes in a model of ischemic mitral regurgitation","volume":"120","author":"Chaput","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.749440","article-title":"Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling\u2014occurrence and frequency in patients with functional mitral regurgitation","volume":"118","author":"Chaput","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl. 239","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0295","first-page":"153","article-title":"Calcification of the left annulus fibrosus (230 cases)","volume":"138","author":"Geill","year":"1950","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(83)90315-6","article-title":"Prevalence of submitral calcium and its correlation in a general population-based sample (the Framingham study)","volume":"51","author":"Savage","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(96)70332-X","article-title":"Extensive calcification of the mitral annulus: pathology and surgical management","volume":"111","author":"Carpentier","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90840-8","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification: clinical pathophysiology and echocardiographic review","volume":"107","author":"Netisco","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8175.2003.03042.x","article-title":"Mobile components associated with rapidly developing mitral annulus calcification in patients with chronic renal failure: review of mobile elements associated with mitral annulus calcification","volume":"20","author":"Willens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"issue":"Suppl. 90","key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.09003.x","article-title":"The role of abnormal phosphorous metabolism in the progression of chronic kidney disease and metastatic calcification","volume":"66","author":"Alfrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005060627","article-title":"Cross-sectional association of kidney function with valvular and annular calcification: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"17","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-77-6-939","article-title":"A clinicopathologic survey of the conditions causing the mitral valve to function abnormally","volume":"77","author":"Roberts","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.2.844","article-title":"Characterization of the early lesion of \u2018degenerative\u2019 valvular aortic stenosis","volume":"90","author":"Otto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01422-X","article-title":"Aortic valve sclerosis and aortic atherosclerosis: different manifestations of the same disease?","volume":"38","author":"Agmon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.03.052","article-title":"Clinical significance of calcification of the fibrous skeleton of the heart and aortosclerosis in community dwelling elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)","volume":"151","author":"Barasch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2007.00570.x","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification as a marker of complex aortic atheroma in patients with stoke of uncertain etiology","volume":"25","author":"Pujada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000268128.74413.1b","article-title":"Carotid intima-media thickness, carotid distensibility and mitral, aortic valve calcification: a useful diagnostic parameter of systemic atherosclerotic disease","volume":"8","author":"Sgorbini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.2.161","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification: a marker of severe coronary artery disease in patients under 65 years old","volume":"89","author":"Atar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199208063270602","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification and the risk of stroke in an elderly cohort","volume":"327","author":"Benjamin","year":"1992","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2008.07.006","article-title":"Impact of mitral annular calcification on cardiovascular events in a multiethnic community: the Northern Manhattan Study","volume":"1","author":"Kohsaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol Img"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000058168.26163.BC","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"107","author":"Fox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.018","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification is a predictor for incident atrial fibrillation","volume":"173","author":"Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2963","article-title":"Mitral annulur calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in middle-aged men with atrial fibrillation: the Belgrade Atrial Fibrillation Study","volume":"140","author":"Potpara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2010.29.10.1507","article-title":"Sonographic confirmation of the association between calcified cerebral emboli and mitral annular calcification","volume":"29","author":"Konishi\u2013Yakushiji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90045-7","article-title":"The senile cardiac calcification syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Roberts","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.11.142","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification as a cause of mitral valve gradients","volume":"123","author":"Muddassir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)36254-3","article-title":"Bar calcification of the mitral annulus: a risk factor in mitral valve operations","volume":"91","author":"Cammack","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.09.042","article-title":"Mitral annular calcium causing mitral stenosis","volume":"105","author":"Pressman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90231-7","article-title":"Prevalence and mechanisms of mitral regurgitation in the absence of intrinsic abnormalities of the mitral leaflets","volume":"118","author":"Kaul","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.64.3.472","article-title":"Functional mitral stenosis in patients with massive mitral annular calcification","volume":"64","author":"Osterberger","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00081-3","article-title":"Mitral valve surgery in patients with extensive calcification of the mitral annulus","volume":"126","author":"Feindel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1053\/euje.2001.0137","article-title":"Mitral inflow and mitral annular motion velocities with mitral annular calcification: evaluation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography and pulsed Doppler tissue imaging","volume":"3","author":"Soeki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.11.023","article-title":"Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography","volume":"33","author":"Nagueh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2001.111877","article-title":"Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: a neglected, unrecognized diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Harpaz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.12.004","article-title":"The incidence and clinical course of caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: a prospective echocardiographic study","volume":"21","author":"Deluca","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.56.866","article-title":"Spherical liquefaction necrosis of mitral calcification in a chronic dialysis patient","volume":"56","author":"Namura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000326850","article-title":"Severe mitral regurgitation and heart failure due to caseous calcification of the mitral annulus","volume":"118","author":"Pozsonyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960100918","article-title":"Atrial extension of mitral annular calcification mimicking intracardiac tumor","volume":"10","author":"Teja","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(99)00002-2","article-title":"Coronary artery erosion and dissection: an unusual complication of mitral annular calcification","volume":"8","author":"Isotalo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9293(03)00141-5","article-title":"Left ventricular sub-valvular mitral aneurysms","volume":"2","author":"Du Toit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(00)00041-7","article-title":"Subvalvular left ventricular aneurysms","volume":"9","author":"Deshpande","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardio Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.82.3.334","article-title":"Congenital aneurysms adjacent to the annuli of the aortic and\/or mitral valves","volume":"82","author":"Chesler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-009-0094-1","article-title":"Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa","volume":"99","author":"Sliwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.06.018","article-title":"Submitral aneurysm with left atrial communication","volume":"32","author":"Krishna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"}],"container-title":["American Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002870312003705?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002870312003705?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:47:01Z","timestamp":1757569621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002870312003705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002870312003705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-8703","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anatomy, mechanics, and pathophysiology of the mitral annulus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Heart Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.05.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}