{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:18:41Z","timestamp":1791526721445,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021066","name":"Gates Ventures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMGF INV002458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMGF INV002458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T16:45:10Z","timestamp":1744130710000},"page":"S113-S128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["What works for reducing stunting in low-income and middle-income countries? Cumulative learnings from the Global Stunting Exemplars Project"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0637-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulfiqar A","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle F.","family":"Gaffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar G.","family":"Victora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purnima","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Yearwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Joint child malnutrition estimates [Internet] [cited 4 December, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/joint-child-malnutrition-estimates-unicef-who-wb."},{"issue":"10336","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02716-1","article-title":"Effects of early-life poverty on health and human capital in children and adolescents: analyses of national surveys and birth cohort studies in LMICs","volume":"399","author":"Victora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib3","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Child growth standards [Internet] [cited 4 December, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/child-growth-standards."},{"issue":"10336","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02533-2","article-title":"Health and development from preconception to 20 years of age and human capital","volume":"399","author":"Black","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib5","unstructured":"Demographic and health surveys [Internet] [cited 13 August, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib6","unstructured":"Multiple indicator cluster surveys [Internet] [cited 13 August, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/mics.unicef.org\/surveys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib7","first-page":"184","article-title":"Risk factors associated with childhood stunting in Indonesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Asia Pac","volume":"32","author":"Gusnedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-022-01279-8","article-title":"Understanding drivers of stunting reduction in Nigeria from 2003 to 2018: a regression analysis","volume":"14","author":"Adeyemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib9","unstructured":"S. Gillespie, J. Hodge, Y. Sivan, R. Pandya-Lorch (Eds.), Stories of change in nutrition [Internet]. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC. Available from: https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/items\/28f94f29-819f-43ed-bf56-f1c468107e82."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa159","article-title":"Stunting in childhood: an overview of global burden, trends, determinants, and drivers of decline","volume":"112","author":"Vaivada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa152","article-title":"Understanding multifactorial drivers of child stunting reduction in exemplar countries: a mixed-methods approach","volume":"112","author":"Akseer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa164","article-title":"Drivers of stunting reduction in Peru: a country case study","volume":"112","author":"Huicho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa218","article-title":"Drivers of stunting reduction in Nepal: a country case study","volume":"112","author":"Conway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa120","article-title":"Drivers of stunting reduction in the Kyrgyz Republic: a country case study","volume":"112","author":"Wigle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa151","article-title":"Drivers of stunting reduction in Senegal: a country case study","volume":"112","author":"Brar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa163","article-title":"Drivers of stunting reduction in Ethiopia: a country case study","volume":"112","author":"Tasic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.09.025","article-title":"Social sector drivers and stunting reduction in Pakistan: a sub-national analysis","volume":"122","author":"Ataullahjan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.02.022","article-title":"A mixed-methods study of the drivers of stunting reduction among children under-five in Nigeria, 2008-2018","volume":"122","author":"Orimadegun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac038","article-title":"Malaria reduction drives childhood stunting decline in Uganda: a mixed-methods country case study","volume":"115","author":"Keats","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.02.011","article-title":"A mixed-methods study of the drivers of stunting reduction among children under-five in Ghana, 2003-2017","volume":"122","author":"Otoo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.02.015","article-title":"A mixed-methods study of the drivers of stunting reduction among children under-five in Sierra Leone, 2010-2017","volume":"122","author":"Jalloh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1519","article-title":"Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions","volume":"125","author":"Victora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.224","article-title":"The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach","volume":"26","author":"Victora","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2017.02.003","article-title":"Accounting for nutritional changes in six success stories: a regression-decomposition approach","volume":"13","author":"Headey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02810402","article-title":"Strategy for improved nutrition of children and women in developing countries","volume":"58","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib26","first-page":"367","article-title":"Effective interventions to address maternal and child malnutrition: an update of the evidence, Lancet Child. Adolesc","volume":"5","author":"Keats","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu485","article-title":"Environmental enteric dysfunction: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical consequences","volume":"59","author":"Keusch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00504-0","article-title":"Revisiting the stunting metric for monitoring and evaluating nutrition policies","volume":"10","author":"Subramanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa153","article-title":"How countries can reduce child stunting at scale: lessons from exemplar countries","volume":"112","author":"Bhutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001766","article-title":"Complementary and alternative metrics for tracking population-level trends in child linear growth","volume":"3","author":"Aimone","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob. Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0790-3","article-title":"Factors behind the success story of under-five stunting in Peru: a district ecological multilevel analysis","volume":"17","author":"Huicho","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30374-7","article-title":"Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial Team, Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Humphrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib33","first-page":"CD009382","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children","volume":"8","author":"Dangour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.216374","volume":"145","author":"Kozuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt109","article-title":"Risk of childhood undernutrition related to small-for-gestational age and preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"42","author":"Christian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.894552","article-title":"Determinants of inadequate minimum dietary diversity intake among children aged 6-23 months in Sub-Saharan Africa: pooled prevalence and multilevel analysis of demographic and health survey in 33 Sub-Saharan African countries","volume":"9","author":"Belay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072249","article-title":"Suboptimal gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"382","author":"Perumal","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib38","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and newborn anthropometric outcomes in rural Bangladesh, Matern","volume":"15","author":"Kac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Nutr."},{"issue":"9890","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4","article-title":"Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review Group; the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group, Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?","volume":"382","author":"Bhutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10282","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00568-7","article-title":"Mobilising evidence, data, and resources to achieve global maternal and child undernutrition targets and the sustainable development goals: an agenda for action","volume":"397","author":"Heidkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib41","series-title":"An investment framework for nutrition: reaching the global targets for stunting, anemia, breastfeeding, and wasting","author":"Shekar","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib42","series-title":"Nutrition at the heart of functioning global order: solutions at hand to combat malnutrition","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30037-1","article-title":"Environmental temperature and growth faltering in African children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Tusting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74942-9","article-title":"Characterizing the contribution of high temperatures to child undernourishment in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e734","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00208-0","article-title":"Effect of heat stress in the first 1000 days of life on fetal and infant growth: a secondary analysis of the ENID randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Bonell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.01.003","article-title":"Drivers of stunting and wasting across serial cross-sectional household surveys of children under 2 years of age in Pakistan: potential contribution of ecological factors","volume":"121","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916525001303?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916525001303?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:07:18Z","timestamp":1778641638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916525001303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0002916525001303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"What works for reducing stunting in low-income and middle-income countries? Cumulative learnings from the Global Stunting Exemplars Project","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}