{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T15:53:51Z","timestamp":1772898831185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R023360\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R023360\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00031\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00031\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002992","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T06:31:08Z","timestamp":1754980268000},"page":"997-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heme iron compared with ferrous iron salts to treat iron deficiency anemia in Gambian children: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Bah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Verhoef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoulie","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alhasan","family":"Colley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alasana","family":"Saidykhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew M","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Cerami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib1","series-title":"Guideline Daily Iron Supplementation in Infants and Children [Internet]","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib2","series-title":"WHO guideline: use of multiple micronutrient powders for point-of-use fortification of foods consumed by infants and young children aged 6\u201323 months and children aged 2\u201312 years [Internet]","year":"2016"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.07.018","article-title":"Biology of anemia: a public health perspective","volume":"153","author":"Brittenham","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib4","series-title":"Oxford textbook of medicine","first-page":"5402","article-title":"Anaemia of inflammation","author":"Pasricha","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008249","article-title":"Expression of the iron hormone hepcidin distinguishes different types of anemia in African children","volume":"6","author":"Pasricha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00449-1","article-title":"Hepcidin-guided screen-and-treat interventions for young children with iron-deficiency anaemia in the Gambia: an individually randomised, three-arm, double-blind, controlled, proof-of-concept, non-inferiority trial","volume":"11","author":"Wegm\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03564-y","article-title":"A comparative analysis of heme vs non-heme iron administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"64","author":"Gallo Ruelas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib8","first-page":"55","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of supplement and dietary supplement in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in Peruvian children","volume":"44","author":"Palomino Quispe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Diet. Hosp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1060875","article-title":"Heme iron concentrate and iron sulfate added to chocolate biscuits: effects on hematological indices of Mexican schoolchildren","volume":"35","author":"Quintero-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004708","article-title":"Haematological response to haem iron or ferrous sulphate mixed with refried black beans in moderately anaemic Guatemalan pre-school children","volume":"8","author":"Sch\u00fcmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.620","article-title":"Electrolytic iron or ferrous sulfate increase body iron in women with moderate to low iron stores","volume":"137","author":"Swain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.04.013","article-title":"Heme iron-based dietary intervention for improvement of iron status in young women","volume":"29","author":"Hoppe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709024359","article-title":"Iron supplementation in pregnancy: is less enough? A randomized, placebo controlled trial of low dose iron supplementation with and without heme iron","volume":"76","author":"Eskeland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib14","first-page":"561","article-title":"Side effects of iron supplements in blood donors: superior tolerance of heme iron","volume":"123","author":"Frykman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519309086490","article-title":"The effect of daily low-dose iron supplements in female blood donors with depleted iron stores: comparison with female non-donors","volume":"53","author":"Iohnsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib16","first-page":"19","article-title":"Women and iron deficiency-a problem? Iron levels in a group of fertile Norwegian women and the bioavailability of 3 low-dose iron supplements in women with low iron stores","volume":"109","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2011.596284","article-title":"Acceptability and use of heme-iron concentrate product added to chocolate biscuit filling as an alternative source of a highly available form of iron","volume":"10","author":"Quintero-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2012","journal-title":"CyTA J. Food."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01523.x","article-title":"Bioavailability of a heme-iron concentrate product added to chocolate biscuit filling in adolescent girls living in a rural area of Mexico","volume":"75","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rosendo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00139.x","article-title":"Selective iron supplementation based on serum ferritin values early in pregnancy: are the Norwegian recommendations satisfactory?","volume":"82","author":"Sandstad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-062320-112625","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of iron and heme metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Dutt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr Annual Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17313","article-title":"Expression profiles of iron transport molecules along the duodenum","volume":"26","author":"Balusikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181117","article-title":"Dietary hemoglobin rescues young piglets from severe iron deficiency anemia: duodenal expression profile of genes involved in heme iron absorption","volume":"12","author":"Staro\u0144","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib23","article-title":"Differential effects of hepcidin on heme and nonheme iron absorption in a rat model of iron overload","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08101-0","article-title":"Haem iron versus ferrous iron salts to treat iron deficiency anaemia in Gambian children: protocol for randomised controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Bah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib25","first-page":"672","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"9","author":"Schulz","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib26","series-title":"ICF, Banjul, The Gambia and Rockville, Maryland, USA: GBoS and ICF [Internet]. The Gambia Demographic and Health Survey 2019-20","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-391219","article-title":"Hepcidin is the major predictor of erythrocyte iron incorporation in anemic African children","volume":"119","author":"Prentice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.02.016","article-title":"A practical guide to adjust micronutrient biomarkers for inflammation using the BRINDA method","volume":"153","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib29","series-title":"WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6-23 months of age [Internet]","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9020","article-title":"Respiratory infections drive hepcidin-mediated blockade of iron absorption leading to iron deficiency anemia in African children","volume":"5","author":"Prentice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000173","article-title":"The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia","volume":"3","author":"Fishman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000291652500454X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000291652500454X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:48:03Z","timestamp":1772830083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000291652500454X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S000291652500454X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Heme iron compared with ferrous iron salts to treat iron deficiency anemia in Gambian children: a randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}