{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:04:02Z","timestamp":1787166242752,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T23:23:21Z","timestamp":1760397801000},"page":"1591-1601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes using simple dietary and culinary recommendations to modulate starch digestibility: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Ma\u00ebliss","family":"Chisbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Van Den Berghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Esther","family":"Breyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Feugier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Cuerq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Chikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Brack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Laville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Goux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Meynier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Vinoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie-Anne","family":"Nazare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib1","unstructured":"Facts & figures. International Diabetes Federation [Internet] [cited April, 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib2","first-page":"268","article-title":"La variabilit\u00e9 glyc\u00e9mique : l\u2019\u00e9valuation de son impact passe par des index de mesure et des recommandations simples","volume":"12","author":"Monnier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Metab."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib3","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Standards of care in diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0014","article-title":"Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report","volume":"42","author":"Evert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002032","article-title":"Glycemic variability and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2898","article-title":"Glycemic variability and diabetes complications: does it matter? Of course it does","volume":"38","author":"Hirsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib7","article-title":"Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"361","author":"Forouhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100547","article-title":"Diet and risk of type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib10","first-page":"5","article-title":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francophone du Diab\u00e8te R\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel De Bonnes Pratiques\u2014Nutrition & Di\u00e9t\u00e9tique\u2014Diab\u00e8te De Type 2 De L\u2019Adulte","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Des Maladies M\u00e9taboliques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00344-3","article-title":"Association of glycaemic index and glycaemic load with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of mega cohorts of more than 100,000 participants","volume":"12","author":"Jenkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-070620-013937","article-title":"Food matrix effects for modulating starch bioavailability","volume":"12","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.037","article-title":"Inter-laboratory validation of the starch digestibility method for determination of rapidly digestible and slowly digestible starch","volume":"245","author":"Englyst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.789336","article-title":"Cereal processing influences postprandial glucose metabolism as well as the GI effect","volume":"32","author":"Vinoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993357","article-title":"Effect of postprandial modulation of glucose availability: short- and long-term analysis","volume":"103","author":"Nazare","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.50","article-title":"Plasma glucose kinetics and response of insulin and GIP following a cereal breakfast in female subjects: effect of starch digestibility","volume":"69","author":"P\u00e9ronnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.4.896","article-title":"Glycemic and insulinemic meal responses modulate postprandial hepatic and intestinal lipoprotein accumulation in obese, insulin-resistant subjects","volume":"80","author":"Harbis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700212","article-title":"Modulation of starch digestibility in breakfast cereals consumed by subjects with metabolic risk: impact on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation during fasting and the postprandial period","volume":"61","author":"Lambert-Porcheron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib19","first-page":"338","article-title":"The impact of slowly digestible and resistant starch on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance","volume":"27","author":"Chisbert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082404","article-title":"Design and validation of a diet rich in slowly digestible starch for type 2 diabetic patients for significant improvement in glycemic profile","volume":"12","author":"Goux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.08.010","article-title":"Starch digestibility modulation significantly improves glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic subjects: a pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Breyton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12970","article-title":"Comparison of glucose monitoring between Freestyle Libre Pro and iPro2 in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Kumagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815587014","article-title":"Sensitivity of traditional and risk-based glycemic variability measures to the effect of glucose-lowering treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Kovatchev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib24","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Translating glucose variability metrics into the clinic via continuous glucose monitoring: a Graphical User Interface for Diabetes Evaluation (CGM-GUIDE), Diabetes Technol","volume":"13","author":"Rawlings","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296817718561","article-title":"The comprehensive glucose pentagon: a glucose-centric composite metric for assessing glycemic control in persons with diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Vigersky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.04.032","article-title":"Impact of a low-carbohydrate compared with low-fat breakfast on blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"118","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112581","article-title":"Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial","volume":"102","author":"Tay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13164","article-title":"Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat\/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114052","article-title":"Resistant starch consumption effects on glycemic control and glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover study","volume":"13","author":"Arias-C\u00f3rdova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13913","article-title":"Improved glycaemic variability and time in range with dapagliflozin versus gliclazide modified release among adults with type 2 diabetes, evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Vianna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14959","article-title":"Anagliptin twice-daily regimen improves glycaemic variability in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0290","article-title":"The effect of acarbose on glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using premixed insulin compared to metformin (AIM): an open-label randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.035","volume":"139","author":"Vianna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1515\/folmed-2017-0048","article-title":"Glycemic variability and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"Caprnda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Med. (Plovdiv)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01719-y","article-title":"Features of glycemic variations in drug na\u00efve type 2 diabetic patients with different HbA1c values","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib36","first-page":"S128","article-title":"Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245060","article-title":"The health effects of low glycemic index and low glycemic load interventions on prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a literature review of RCTs","volume":"15","author":"Peres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib38","article-title":"Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"374","author":"Chiavaroli","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib39","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. New recommendations for time-in-range targets during continuous glucose monitoring presented today at the ADA\u2019s scientific sessions | American Diabetes Association.[Internet] [cited January, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/diabetes.org\/newsroom\/new-recommendations-for."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00529-z","article-title":"Time in range: a new parameter to evaluate blood glucose control in patients with diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Gabbay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0263","article-title":"Whole-grain processing and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"43","author":"\u00c5berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916525006112?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916525006112?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T23:22:35Z","timestamp":1777159355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916525006112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916525006112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimizing glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes using simple dietary and culinary recommendations to modulate starch digestibility: a randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.10.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}