{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:14:38Z","timestamp":1793931278788,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:16:00Z","timestamp":1769127360000},"page":"101205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leucine supplementation does not attenuate the decline in daily muscle protein synthesis rates or preserve leg muscle mass during leg immobilization in young or older adults: a double-blind randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler A","family":"Churchward-Venne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe JM","family":"Pinckaers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joey SJ","family":"Smeets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Nasri","family":"Marzuca-Nassr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan HM","family":"Gorissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cas J","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan M","family":"Senden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy PB","family":"Goessens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemie P","family":"Gijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will KWH","family":"Wodzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc JC","family":"van Loon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01088-8","article-title":"Effect of immobilisation on neuromuscular function in vivo in humans: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13067","article-title":"The time course of disuse muscle atrophy of the lower limb in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Hardy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13005","article-title":"Declines in muscle protein synthesis account for short-term muscle disuse atrophy in humans in the absence of increased muscle protein breakdown","volume":"13","author":"Brook","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa136","article-title":"Dietary protein intake does not modulate daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates or loss of muscle mass and function during short-term immobilization in young men: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"113","author":"Kilroe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002200","article-title":"Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization","volume":"52","author":"Kilroe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib6","first-page":"171","article-title":"Effects of seasonal and pandemic influenza on health-related quality of life, work and school absence in England: results from the Flu Watch cohort study, Influenza Other Respir","volume":"12","author":"Fragaszy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.160333","article-title":"Immobilization induces anabolic resistance in human myofibrillar protein synthesis with low and high dose amino acid infusion","volume":"586","author":"Glover","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.142828","article-title":"The temporal responses of protein synthesis, gene expression and cell signalling in human quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon to disuse","volume":"585","author":"de Boer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E137","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00227.2015","article-title":"Short-term muscle disuse lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and induces anabolic resistance to protein ingestion","volume":"310","author":"Wall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270699","article-title":"Age-related differences in lean mass, protein synthesis and skeletal muscle markers of proteolysis after bed rest and exercise rehabilitation","volume":"593","author":"Tanner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2098","article-title":"Disuse impairs the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion in healthy men","volume":"98","author":"Wall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.139","article-title":"Orally administered leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of postabsorptive rats in association with increased eIF4F formation","volume":"130","author":"Anthony","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.10.2413","article-title":"Leucine stimulates translation initiation in skeletal muscle of postabsorptive rats via a rapamycin-sensitive pathway","volume":"130","author":"Anthony","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"mTOR signaling in growth, metabolism, and disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.253203","article-title":"Effects of leucine and its metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism","volume":"591","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.068775","article-title":"Leucine supplementation of a low-protein mixed macronutrient beverage enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis in young men: a double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"99","author":"Churchward-Venne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.04.025","article-title":"Enriching a protein drink with leucine augments muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young and older men","volume":"36","author":"Atherton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.09.008","article-title":"Effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acid and whey protein bolus dosing upon skeletal muscle protein synthesis at rest and after exercise in older women","volume":"37","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1056","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00481.2014","article-title":"Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise","volume":"308","author":"Bukhari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108201","article-title":"Leucine. A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle","volume":"56","author":"Buse","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42013-9","article-title":"Effects of insulin, glucose, and amino acids on protein turnover in rat diaphragm","volume":"250","author":"Fulks","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68081-6","article-title":"Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?","volume":"257","author":"Tischler","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00260","article-title":"Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review","volume":"3","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib25","first-page":"34","article-title":"Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest","volume":"13","author":"English","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00290.2009","article-title":"Effects of aging on human skeletal muscle after immobilization and retraining","volume":"107","author":"Suetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.11.019","article-title":"Short-term muscle disuse atrophy is not associated with increased intramuscular lipid deposition or a decline in the maximal activity of key mitochondrial enzymes in young and older males","volume":"61","author":"Wall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00637.2010","article-title":"Effects of aging on muscle mechanical function and muscle fiber morphology during short-term immobilization and subsequent retraining","volume":"109","author":"Hvid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1961","article-title":"Six weeks\u2019 aerobic retraining after two weeks\u2019 immobilization restores leg lean mass and aerobic capacity but does not fully rehabilitate leg strength in young and older men","volume":"47","author":"Vigelso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00858.2015","article-title":"Greater loss in muscle mass and function but smaller metabolic alterations in older compared with younger men following 2 wk of bed rest and recovery","volume":"120","author":"Pisot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.07.001","article-title":"Aging-related effects of bed rest followed by eccentric exercise rehabilitation on skeletal muscle macrophages and insulin sensitivity","volume":"107","author":"Reidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E381","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00488.2005","article-title":"A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly","volume":"291","author":"Katsanos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00610.2017","article-title":"Daily resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis in vivo in young men","volume":"124","author":"Holwerda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00855.2019","article-title":"CORP: the use of deuterated water for the measurement of protein synthesis","volume":"128","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517509095787","article-title":"Percutaneous needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in physiological and clinical research, Scand","volume":"35","author":"Bergstrom","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/bms.1200220704","article-title":"A simplified method for deuterium\/hydrogen isotope ratio measurements on water samples of biological origin","volume":"22","author":"Scrimgeour","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80330-6","article-title":"Amino acid derivatization and analysis in five minutes","volume":"280","author":"Husek","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib38","first-page":"511","article-title":"Measuring in vivo metabolism using heavy water","volume":"6","author":"Dufner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0720503","article-title":"Decrease in human quadriceps muscle protein turnover consequent upon leg immobilization","volume":"72","author":"Gibson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib40","first-page":"E627","article-title":"Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis","volume":"270","author":"Ferrando","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0651","article-title":"Atrophy and impaired muscle protein synthesis during prolonged inactivity and stress","volume":"91","author":"Paddon-Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1113","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00603.2011","article-title":"Bed rest impairs skeletal muscle amino acid transporter expression, mTORC1 signaling, and protein synthesis in response to essential amino acids in older adults","volume":"302","author":"Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13284","article-title":"Short-term disuse does not affect postabsorptive or postprandial muscle protein fractional breakdown rates","volume":"14","author":"Pavis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E117","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00360.2019","article-title":"Short-term muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates","volume":"318","author":"Kilroe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12661","article-title":"The effect of short-term exercise prehabilitation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and atrophy during bed rest in older men","volume":"12","author":"Smeuninx","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12019","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy","volume":"71","author":"Wall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2013.07.003","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: implications for age-related sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Wall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608A","article-title":"Skeletal muscle loss: cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity","volume":"91","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.16.1772-b","article-title":"Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults","volume":"297","author":"Kortebein","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01694-0","article-title":"Older adults are not more susceptible to acute muscle atrophy after immobilisation compared to younger adults: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Hodgson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2022-0458","article-title":"Does initial skeletal muscle size or sex affect the magnitude of muscle loss in response to 14 days immobilization?","volume":"48","author":"Coffey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib52","first-page":"E73","article-title":"Effects of flooding amino acids on incorporation of labeled amino acids into human muscle protein","volume":"275","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00087-4","article-title":"Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers","volume":"10","author":"Tipton","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.2.250","article-title":"Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults","volume":"78","author":"Volpi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib55","first-page":"E372","article-title":"Flooding with L-[1-13C]leucine stimulates human muscle protein incorporation of continuously infused L-[1-13C]valine","volume":"262","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.228833","article-title":"Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men","volume":"590","author":"Churchward-Venne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112359","article-title":"Leucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults","volume":"103","author":"English","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00847.2019","article-title":"Countering disuse atrophy in older adults with low-volume leucine supplementation","volume":"128","author":"Arentson-Lantz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050635","article-title":"Leucine supplementation does not attenuate skeletal muscle loss during leg immobilization in healthy, young men","volume":"10","author":"Backx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa229","article-title":"High-dose leucine supplementation does not prevent muscle atrophy or strength loss over 7 days of immobilization in healthy young males","volume":"112","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032159","article-title":"Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest","volume":"89","author":"Paddon-Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.194217","article-title":"Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy is not attenuated by dietary protein supplementation in healthy older men","volume":"144","author":"Dirks","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00803.2017","article-title":"Impact of dairy protein during limb immobilization and recovery on muscle size and protein synthesis; a randomized controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.01.014","volume":"153","author":"Weijzen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00105","article-title":"A novel amino acid composition ameliorates short-term muscle disuse atrophy in healthy young men","volume":"6","author":"Holloway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090434","article-title":"The effect of protein or amino acid provision on immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916526000146?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916526000146?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:07:26Z","timestamp":1776179246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916526000146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916526000146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Leucine supplementation does not attenuate the decline in daily muscle protein synthesis rates or preserve leg muscle mass during leg immobilization in young or older adults: a double-blind randomized trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101205","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101205"}}