{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:45:52Z","timestamp":1791953152078,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82574121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82574121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:30:24Z","timestamp":1790890224000},"page":"101486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Life-course associations of early-life risk factors, modifiable adult lifestyles, and transitions of cardiometabolic disease and multimorbidity: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izzuddin M","family":"Aris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks Collaborators, Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990-2022","volume":"82","author":"Mensah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"10397","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab413","article-title":"Lifestyle, cardiometabolic disease, and multimorbidity in a prospective Chinese study","volume":"42","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib4","series-title":"Multimorbidity: a priority for global health research","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7008","article-title":"Association of cardiometabolic multimorbidity with mortality","volume":"314","author":"Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-52","article-title":"Multimorbidity and quality of life: a closer look","volume":"5","author":"Fortin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391611","article-title":"Future of multimorbidity research: how should understanding of multimorbidity inform health system design?","volume":"32","author":"Boyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53262.x","article-title":"Newly reported chronic conditions and onset of functional dependency","volume":"53","author":"Wolff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.20.2269","article-title":"Prevalence, expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly","volume":"162","author":"Wolff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05937-0","article-title":"Low birthweight is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes over two decades independent of adult BMI and genetic predisposition","volume":"66","author":"Wibaek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1121-x","article-title":"Breastfeeding and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Horta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.037806","article-title":"Maternal smoking intensity during pregnancy and early adolescent cardiovascular health","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib13","first-page":"286","article-title":"Breastfeeding in infancy and adult health: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Panteris","year":"2026","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1118628","article-title":"Association between composite lifestyle factors and cardiometabolic multimorbidity in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional exploratory study in people over 45 years and older","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01632-3","article-title":"Association between healthy lifestyle and the occurrence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in hypertensive patients: a prospective cohort study of UK Biobank","volume":"21","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078","article-title":"Life\u2019s essential 8: updating and enhancing the American Heart Association\u2019s construct of cardiovascular health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"146","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.01.027","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle score including sleep duration and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"63","author":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib19","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies, Diabetes Metab","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt220","article-title":"Parental diabetes and birthweight in 236 030 individuals in the UK Biobank study","volume":"42","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04025-x","article-title":"Longitudinal association of cumulative risk factors in early life, genetic risk, and healthy lifestyles during adulthood with the risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.029441","article-title":"Association of a healthy lifestyle, Life\u2019s Essential 8 scores with incident macrovascular and microvascular disease among individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703","article-title":"Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association\u2019s strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond","volume":"121","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24185","article-title":"The various associations between whole\/regional fat mass and trajectory of cardiometabolic diseases: a nonlinear multistate model","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"10440","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Causes of Death Collaborators, Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10467","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2010.01.001","article-title":"The state package for estimation and prediction in non- and semi-parametric multi-state and competing risks models","volume":"99","author":"de Wreede","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105590","article-title":"Linking epidemiology and genomics of maternal smoking during pregnancy in utero and in ageing: a population-based study using human foetuses and the UK Biobank cohort","volume":"114","author":"Mihov","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13619","article-title":"Breastfeeding in infancy and mortality in middle and late adulthood: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"293","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2712","article-title":"Tutorial in biostatistics: competing risks and multi-state models","volume":"26","author":"Putter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2020","article-title":"Developmental origins of metabolic diseases","volume":"101","author":"Hoffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s44200-023-00031-7","article-title":"Early life programming of vascular aging and cardiometabolic events: the McDonald lecture 2022","volume":"29","author":"Nilsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artery Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.839436","article-title":"Developmental origins of metaflammation; a bridge to the future between the DOHaD theory and evolutionary biology","volume":"13","author":"Itoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16258","article-title":"Epigenetics provides a bridge between early nutrition and long-term health and a target for disease prevention","volume":"111","author":"Siddeek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109604","article-title":"Interplay between maternal nutrition and epigenetic programming on offspring hypertension","volume":"127","author":"Tain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322135","article-title":"Epigenetics of early cardiometabolic disease: mechanisms and precision medicine","volume":"132","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002571","article-title":"Clinical, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors at age 50 years and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and mortality: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Singh-Manoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00018-5","article-title":"Life course epidemiology and public health","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby108","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and biological risks for health and illness across the life course","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101630","article-title":"Life course socioeconomic conditions and multimorbidity in old age: a scoping review","volume":"78","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.023","article-title":"Adverse childhood experience, adopting a healthy lifestyle in adulthood, and risk of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"362","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010405","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle during the midlife is prospectively associated with less subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.868441","article-title":"The impact of maternal obesity on offspring cardiovascular health: a systematic literature review","volume":"13","author":"Kankowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30151-0","article-title":"Maternal obesity and risk of cardiovascular diseases in offspring: a population-based cohort and sibling-controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Razaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0348","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and its implications across the life span","volume":"47","author":"Wicklow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02061-w","article-title":"The impact of self-report inaccuracy in the UK Biobank and its interplay with selective participation","volume":"9","author":"Schoeler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.1.122","article-title":"Self-reported birthweight and history of having been breastfed among younger women: an assessment of validity","volume":"25","author":"Troy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000581","article-title":"Validity of recalled v. recorded birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shenkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916526002959?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916526002959?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:02:01Z","timestamp":1791950521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916526002959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0002916526002959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Life-course associations of early-life risk factors, modifiable adult lifestyles, and transitions of cardiometabolic disease and multimorbidity: A prospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2026.101486","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101486"}}