{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:21:15Z","timestamp":1782861675322,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]],"date-time":"2015-01-06T20:03:06Z","timestamp":1420574586000},"page":"402-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Low-dose ketamine vs morphine for acute pain in the ED: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7351-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Schauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria J.","family":"Ganem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikhyat S.","family":"Bebarta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.12.005","article-title":"Pain in the emergency department: results of the pain and emergency medicine initiative (PEMI) multicenter study","volume":"8","author":"Todd","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2002.32643","article-title":"The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care","volume":"20","author":"Cordell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1024\/1012-5302.19.6.326","article-title":"Pain prevalence and patient preferences concerning pain management in the emergency department","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pflege"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2004.12.006","article-title":"The drug-seeking patient in the emergency room","volume":"23","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safe use of opioids in hospitals","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sentinel Event Alert"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000511","article-title":"Effect of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine on memory and conscious awareness in healthy volunteers","volume":"152","author":"Hetem","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2001.27152","article-title":"Low dose intravenous ketamine as an analgesic: a pilot study using an experimental model of acute pain","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.07.023","article-title":"Low-dose ketamine for analgesia in the ED: a retrospective case series","volume":"28","author":"Lester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.10.018","article-title":"Low-dose ketamine for analgesia in the ED: a retrospective case series","volume":"29","author":"Lester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)80051-1","article-title":"Inadvertent ketamine overdose in children: clinical manifestations and outcome","volume":"34","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.007229","article-title":"Procedural sedation in paediatric minor procedures: a prospective audit on ketamine use in the emergency department","volume":"21","author":"Ellis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01076.x","article-title":"Ketamine in adults: what emergency physicians need to know about patient selection and emergence reactions","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70226-4","article-title":"Intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation in the emergency department: safety profile in 1,022 cases","volume":"31","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.04.030","article-title":"Incidence and severity of recovery agitation after ketamine sedation in young adults","volume":"23","author":"Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/43.5.496","article-title":"Alterations in response to somatic pain associated with anaesthesia. XX. Ketamine","volume":"43","author":"Bovill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197105000-00037","article-title":"Analgesic effects of ketamine administered in subdissociative doses","volume":"50","author":"Sadove","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.11.3.189","article-title":"Use of ketamine in prolonged entrapment","volume":"11","author":"Cottingham","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Accid Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.11.012","article-title":"Morphine and ketamine is superior to morphine alone for out-of-hospital trauma analgesia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Jennings","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-17-61","article-title":"The effect of combined treatment with morphine sulphate and low-dose ketamine in a prehospital setting","volume":"17","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(98)90029-8","article-title":"Comparative study of methods of measuring acute pain intensity in an ED","volume":"16","author":"Berthier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.048611","article-title":"The end of the line? The Visual Analogue Scale and Verbal Numerical Rating Scale as pain assessment tools in the emergency department","volume":"27","author":"Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.05.003","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial comparing a patient-driven titration protocol of intravenous hydromorphone with traditional physician-driven management of emergency department patients with acute severe pain","volume":"54","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2009.02.002","article-title":"Efficacy and safety profile of a single dose of hydromorphone compared with morphine in older adults with acute, severe pain: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.06.030","article-title":"Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of two intravenous morphine dosages (0.10mg\/kg and 0.15mg\/kg) in emergency department patients with moderate to severe acute pain","volume":"49","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","article-title":"The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients","volume":"166","author":"Sessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2983","article-title":"Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)","volume":"289","author":"Ely","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0135","first-page":"140","article-title":"Intravenous analgesia with ketamine for emergency patients","volume":"36","author":"Hirlinger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05317.x","article-title":"The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans","volume":"42","author":"Persson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.02.008","article-title":"Effective analgesia with low-dose ketamine and reduced dose hydromorphone in ED patients with severe pain","volume":"31","author":"Ahern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.11.016","article-title":"Management of severe acute pain in emergency settings: ketamine reduces morphine consumption","volume":"25","author":"Galinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.010843","article-title":"Ketamine in prehospital care","volume":"21","author":"Porter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.10.4.390","article-title":"Validation of a verbally administered numerical rating scale of acute pain for use in the emergency department","volume":"10","author":"Bijur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(00)00194-9","article-title":"Analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine in cancer patients on morphine therapy: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover, double-dose study","volume":"20","author":"Mercadante","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675714009796?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675714009796?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T15:25:46Z","timestamp":1760023546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735675714009796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0735675714009796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Low-dose ketamine vs morphine for acute pain in the ED: a randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.058","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}