{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:08:57Z","timestamp":1793081337847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HS025984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HS025984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T21:07:15Z","timestamp":1646860035000},"page":"147-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk of tizanidine-induced adverse events after concomitant exposure to ciprofloxacin: A cohort study in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Theodoros V.","family":"Giannouchos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainhoa","family":"G\u00f3mez-Lumbreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-62.1.31","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications","volume":"62","author":"Giovannitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0010","first-page":"142","article-title":"Oral muscle relaxants for the treatment of chronic pain associated with cerebral palsy","volume":"50","author":"Peck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0015","series-title":"Zanaflex Capsules\u00ae (tizanidine hydrochloride) capsules, for oral use","author":"FDA","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.12.2209","article-title":"Update on tizanidine for muscle spasticity and emerging indications","volume":"9","author":"Malanga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2011.607162","article-title":"Treating pain in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Truini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.175905","article-title":"The effect of oral tizanidine on postoperative pain relief after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy","volume":"5","author":"Talakoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5414\/CP201790","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of two 4 mg tablet formulations of tizanidine","volume":"51","author":"Al-Ghazawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01660.x","article-title":"A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients","volume":"62","author":"Henney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.632830","article-title":"Non-interacting, non-opioid, and non-barbiturate containing acute medication combinations in headache: a pilot combinatorics approach based on DrugBank database","volume":"12","author":"Kaytser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30852-7","article-title":"New directions in the treatment of opioid withdrawal","volume":"395","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.02028.x","article-title":"Tizanidine is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Granfors","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02653.x","article-title":"Rofecoxib is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2: studies with tizanidine and caffeine in healthy subjects","volume":"62","author":"Backman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2004.08.018","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin greatly increases concentrations and hypotensive effect of tizanidine by inhibiting its cytochrome P450 1A2-mediated presystemic metabolism","volume":"76","author":"Granfors","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.06.009","article-title":"Oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene markedly increase plasma concentrations and effects of tizanidine by inhibiting cytochrome P450 1A2","volume":"78","author":"Granfors","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2003.12.005","article-title":"Fluvoxamine drastically increases concentrations and effects of tizanidine: a potentially hazardous interaction","volume":"75","author":"Granfors","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.788","article-title":"Effect of vemurafenib on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of Tizanidine (a CYP1A2 Substrate) in patients With BRAF V600 mutation\u2013positive malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-005-1024-2","article-title":"Extreme sinus bradycardia (30\/min) with acute right heart failure under tizanidine (Sirdalud). Possible pharmacological interaction with rofecoxib (Vioxx)","volume":"100","author":"Kick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Klin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.08.017","article-title":"Drug interaction of tizanidine and ciprofloxacin: case report","volume":"80","author":"Momo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0095","first-page":"157","article-title":"Alucinaciones visuales y auditivas secundarias a la interacci\u00f3n farmacol\u00f3gica entre tizanidina y ciprofloxacino","volume":"15","author":"Montesinos-Magraner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm Care Espana"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2015.05.016","article-title":"A severe interaction between Tizanidine and ciprofloxacin","volume":"27","author":"Abd-Elsayed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0105","first-page":"72","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in the neurogenic bladder","volume":"5","author":"Humberto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-20","article-title":"The five ds of outpatient antibiotic stewardship for urinary tract infections","author":"Goebel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0115","first-page":"275","article-title":"Clinical survey of Tizanidine-induced adverse effects \u2014impact of concomitant drugs providing cytochrome P450 1A2 modification\u2014","volume":"133","author":"Momo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm Sci J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018775914","article-title":"Analysis of drug-drug interactions in Swiss claims data using Tizanidine and ciprofloxacin as a prototypical contraindicated combination","volume":"52","author":"J\u00f6dicke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1233","article-title":"Co-prescription of strong CYP1A2 inhibitors and the risk of Tizanidine-associated hypotension: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"105","author":"Chaugai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02981-2","article-title":"Coadministration of tizanidine and ciprofloxacin: a retrospective analysis of the WHO pharmacovigilance database","volume":"77","author":"Rudolph","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20210145","article-title":"Using propensity scores for causal inference: pitfalls and tips","volume":"31","author":"Shiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516643600","article-title":"Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: systematic review and consensus paper","volume":"22","author":"Otero-Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0389-y","article-title":"Effects of gender and moderate smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine","volume":"64","author":"Backman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmpk.2020.100375","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of altered tizanidine systemic exposure by CYP1A2 modulation: impact of drug-drug interactions and cigarette consumption","volume":"37","author":"Jogiraju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199936060-00004","article-title":"Drug interactions with tobacco smoking","volume":"36","author":"Zevin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008_bb0165","series-title":"Guidance for industry","article-title":"Clinical drug interaction studies-cytochrome P450 enzyme- and transporter-mediated drug interactions","author":"US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation, Research","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675722001644?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675722001644?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T15:59:57Z","timestamp":1760025597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735675722001644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0735675722001644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk of tizanidine-induced adverse events after concomitant exposure to ciprofloxacin: A cohort study in the U.S.","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.03.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}