{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:36:22Z","timestamp":1790336182297,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":270,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T16:12:54Z","timestamp":1677427974000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["High risk and low prevalence diseases: Orbital cellulitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Koyfman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brit","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197009000-00007","article-title":"The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis","volume":"80","author":"Chandler","year":"1970","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.12.001","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis","volume":"63","author":"Tsirouki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000589","article-title":"Paediatric orbital and periorbital infections","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200110000-00009","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis in children","volume":"41","author":"Jain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/9.7.471","article-title":"Periorbital and orbital cellulitis in children","volume":"9","author":"Clarke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90202-9","article-title":"Orbital abscess","volume":"29","author":"Hornblass","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0035","article-title":"Management of preseptal and orbital cellulitis for the primary care physician","volume":"66","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2016.09.002","article-title":"Preseptal and orbital cellulitis","volume":"63","author":"Ekhlassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19970901-08","article-title":"Periorbital and orbital cellulitis in the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine era","volume":"34","author":"Barone","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00178-0","article-title":"Periorbital and orbital cellulitis before and after the advent of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination","volume":"107","author":"Ambati","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.62.6.1006","article-title":"Clinical implications of preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis in childhood","volume":"62","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.4.0484","article-title":"Bacteriology of intracranial abscess in children","volume":"54","author":"Brook","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac006","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of orbital cellulitis in children","volume":"11","author":"Anosike","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.06.818","article-title":"Sinogenic orbital and subperiosteal abscesses: microbiology and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus incidence","volume":"143","author":"Liao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.04.049","article-title":"Microbiology of pediatric orbital cellulitis","volume":"144","author":"McKinley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31297-8","article-title":"Subperiosteal abscess of the orbit","volume":"101","author":"Harris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1606.1999.00242.x","article-title":"Current treatment and outcome in orbital cellulitis: treatment and outcome in orbital cellulitis","volume":"27","author":"Ferguson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.006","article-title":"Clinical course of preseptal and orbital cellulitis in 50 immunocompromised patients with cancer","volume":"125","author":"Sagiv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305222","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis in Scotland: current incidence, etiology, management and outcomes: table 1","volume":"98","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.11.013","article-title":"Paediatric pre- and post-septal peri-orbital infections are different diseases","volume":"72","author":"Botting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197906000-00010","article-title":"Orbital-facial complications of sinusitis in children","volume":"89","author":"Fearon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-013-0646-6","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcome of the orbital complications due to acute infective rhino sinusitis","volume":"65","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0115","first-page":"518","article-title":"Clinical analysis of computed tomography-staged orbital cellulitis in children","volume":"40","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70284-9","article-title":"Preseptal and orbital cellulitis: a 10-year review of hospitalized patients","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198004000-00013","article-title":"Complications of frontal and ethmoid sinusitis","volume":"90","author":"Morgan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000607","article-title":"Periorbital and orbital cellulitis: a 10-year review of hospitalized children","volume":"20","author":"Georgakopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/626809","article-title":"Presentation and management of pediatric orbital cellulitis","volume":"22","author":"Fanella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.059","article-title":"Outcome of treated orbital cellulitis in a tertiary eye care center in the Middle East","volume":"114","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00627-8","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of subperiosteal abscess of the orbit","volume":"108","author":"Greenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72965-4","article-title":"Acute orbital cellulitis after peribulbar injection","volume":"118","author":"Hofbauer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30777-4","article-title":"Endophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis after radial keratotomy","volume":"102","author":"McLeod","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.5935\/1808-8694.20130131","article-title":"The prevalence of orbital complications among children and adults with acute rhinosinusitis","volume":"79","author":"Al-Madani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5152\/balkanmedj.2013.8005","article-title":"Orbital complications of sinusitis","volume":"30","author":"Radovani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Balk Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0170","first-page":"97","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis and orbital fractures","volume":"19","author":"Goldfarb","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-012-9574-9","article-title":"Orbital and preseptal cellulitis: a 10-year survey of hospitalized patients in a tertiary eye hospital in Iran","volume":"32","author":"Bagheri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0180","first-page":"231","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis: clinical course and management challenges. The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital experience","volume":"22","author":"Balogun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger Q J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.92114","article-title":"The hot orbit: orbital cellulitis","volume":"19","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.01.015","article-title":"The effect of adding orbital computed tomography findings to the Chandler criteria for classifying pediatric orbital cellulitis in predicting which patients will require surgical intervention","volume":"18","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000227820.36036.f1","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis in children","volume":"25","author":"Nageswaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19970501-04","article-title":"Spectrum of pediatric dacryocystitis: medical and surgical management of 54 cases","volume":"34","author":"Campolattaro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(85)90328-3","article-title":"The spread of odontogenic infections to the orbit: diagnosis and management","volume":"43","author":"Bullock","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4103\/tjosr.tjosr_66_19","article-title":"Endogenous orbital cellulitis with optic neuropathy secondary to an intramuscular abscess in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Vallinayagam","year":"2019","journal-title":"TNOA J Ophthalmic Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700238","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis after peribulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery","volume":"17","author":"Varma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1969.00990010685013","article-title":"Ocular complications of infection in the paranasal sinuses","volume":"81","author":"Jarrett","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110400604","article-title":"Blindness resulting from orbital complications of sinusitis","volume":"104","author":"Patt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Neck Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0230","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of adult orbital cellulitis in a tertiary general hospital. Monteiro M, ed","volume":"2020","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1989.01860360026011","article-title":"Intracranial abscesses secondary to nasal, sinus, and orbital infections in adults and children","volume":"115","author":"Maniglia","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.02.003","article-title":"Pediatric preseptal and orbital cellulitis: a 10-year experience","volume":"120","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200604620-00007","article-title":"Role of inflammation in orbital cellulitis","volume":"46","author":"Kloek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-200111000-00003","article-title":"Intracranial abscess as a complication of subperiosteal abscess of the orbit","volume":"17","author":"Hartstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197207000-00015","article-title":"Complicated acute sinusitis","volume":"82","author":"Quick","year":"1972","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0260","first-page":"494","article-title":"Infection related cerebral venous thrombosis","volume":"56","author":"Kojan","year":"2006","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2010.10.004","article-title":"Management of preseptal and orbital cellulitis","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0270","first-page":"181","article-title":"Globe tenting: a sign of increased orbital tension","volume":"10","author":"Dalley","year":"1989","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0275","first-page":"1","article-title":"Orbital compartment syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Turgut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beyoglu Eye J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2008.10.005","article-title":"Infections orbitaires de l\u2019enfant: Clinique, imagerie et traitement","volume":"32","author":"Boivin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.02.031","article-title":"Management of orbital cellulitis and subperiosteal orbital abscess in pediatric patients: a ten-year review","volume":"96","author":"Sciarretta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130208101110","article-title":"Orbital infection as a complication of sinusitis: are diagnostic and treatment trends changing?","volume":"81","author":"Younis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15125","article-title":"Clinicians need to consider surgery when presented with some markers for severe paediatric orbital cellulitis","volume":"109","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2022.08.186","article-title":"Reevaluating clinical signs of orbital cellulitis","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100600269","article-title":"The acute orbit. Preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess and orbital cellulitis due to sinusitis","volume":"12","author":"Moloney","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol Suppl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13852","article-title":"Referral and diagnostic accuracy in orbital cellulitis","volume":"33","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2003.09.013","article-title":"Intracranial infection associated with preseptal and orbital cellulitis in the pediatric patient","volume":"7","author":"Reynolds","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0320","article-title":"C-reactive protein (CRP) in pediatric orbital cellulitis","volume":"62","author":"Orban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3195-z","article-title":"Orbital complications in children: differential diagnosis of a challenging disease","volume":"272","author":"Welkoborsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941112000307","article-title":"Acute rhinosinusitis-related orbital infection in pediatric patients: a retrospective analysis","volume":"120","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20140074","article-title":"Management of orbital complications of sinusitis","volume":"77","author":"Ozkurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.86309","article-title":"Nine years\u2019 review on preseptal and orbital cellulitis and emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary hospital in India","volume":"59","author":"Pandian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001521","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis\u2014when computed tomography imaging is falsely reassuring","volume":"37","author":"Basily","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215107000102","article-title":"Failure of contrast enhanced computed tomography scans to identify an orbital abscess. The benefit of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"122","author":"Mcintosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jyani R, Ranade D, Joshi P. Spectrum of orbital cellulitis on magnetic resonance imaging. Cureus Published online August 11, 2020https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.9663.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9663"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W244","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1838","article-title":"MRI of orbital cellulitis and orbital abscess: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"193","author":"Sepahdari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.04.006","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of paediatric ocular emergencies: a tertiary eye hospital based observation","volume":"9","author":"Pujari","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2021.03.033","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound findings in a case of orbital cellulitis: a case report","volume":"61","author":"Beam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2014.4.22007","article-title":"Ocular ultrasound identifies early orbital cellulitis","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103452","article-title":"Management options for orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis in pediatric patients","volume":"43","author":"Casanueva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32834cd54a","article-title":"Management of pediatric orbital cellulitis and abscess","volume":"19","author":"Bedwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3182a210c6","article-title":"Management of orbital complications of sinusitis in pediatric patients","volume":"24","author":"Kinis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.06.007","article-title":"Pediatric nasal orbital cellulitis in Shenzhen (South China): etiology, management, and outcomes","volume":"87","author":"Hongguang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.01.021","article-title":"Microbiology and antibiotic therapy of subperiosteal orbital abscess in children with acute ethmoiditis","volume":"106","author":"Coudert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12020","article-title":"Neonatal orbital abscess: neonatal orbital abscess","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.44","article-title":"Our experience using primary oral antibiotics in the management of orbital cellulitis in a tertiary referral centre","volume":"23","author":"Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz TR, Adams MD, Wertz A. Systemic corticosteroids for orbital complications of pediatric rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. Published online October 2022:111336https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2022.111336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2022.111336"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0420","article-title":"Corticosteroids for periorbital and orbital cellulitis. Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, ed","volume":"2021","author":"Kornelsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.04.005","article-title":"Orbital compartment syndrome: the ophthalmic surgical emergency","volume":"54","author":"Lima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S180058","article-title":"Orbital compartment syndrome: an update with review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"McCallum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.05.015","article-title":"The \u201ctight orbit\u201d: incidence and management of the orbital compartment syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Voss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.55460\/1CLD-XJUV","article-title":"Emergency lateral canthotomy and cantholysis: a simple procedure to preserve vision from sight threatening orbital hemorrhage","volume":"09","author":"Ballard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Spec Oper Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0445","article-title":"Orbital compartment syndrome: pearls and pitfalls for the emergency physician","volume":"2","author":"Murali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25529","article-title":"Characteristics of patients treated for orbital cellulitis: an analysis of inpatient data","volume":"126","author":"Marchiano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0455","first-page":"334","article-title":"Conservative treatment in rhinosinusitis orbital complications in children aged 2 years and younger","volume":"46","author":"Eviatar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rhinology."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.118","article-title":"Orbital and periorbital infections: a national perspective","volume":"137","author":"Mahalingam-Dhingra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21526575221097311","article-title":"Orbital complications of acute sinusitis in pediatric patients: management of Chandler III patients","volume":"13","author":"Saltagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0470","first-page":"6","article-title":"Orbital complications of rhinosinusitis","volume":"5","author":"Sijuwola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Ib Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2003.12.010","article-title":"Simultaneous intracranial and orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis in children","volume":"68","author":"Herrmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.22.2671","article-title":"Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses","volume":"161","author":"Ebright","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5578\/ced.20229712","article-title":"Complications of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: a single tertiary care center","volume":"16","author":"Karao\u011flu Asrak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.06.001","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations and outcomes after cavernous sinus thrombosis in children","volume":"19","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.883875","article-title":"Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis complicating sinusitis","volume":"14","author":"Berdai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho J, de Bruijn SF, de Veber G, Stam J. Anticoagulation for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Stroke Group, ed. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Published online August 10, 2011https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002005.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002005.pub2"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.4.517","article-title":"The role of anticoagulation in cavernous sinus thrombosis","volume":"38","author":"Levine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198603000-00002","article-title":"Septic thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses","volume":"65","author":"Southwick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1331465","article-title":"A review of eight cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sphenoid sinusitis, including a12-year-old girl at the present department","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2016.1230138","article-title":"Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"Weerasinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.05.006","article-title":"Management of pediatric orbital cellulitis: a systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073567572300092X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073567572300092X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:05:01Z","timestamp":1760025901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S073567572300092X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S073567572300092X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High risk and low prevalence diseases: Orbital cellulitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.02.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}