{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:17:27Z","timestamp":1784859447602,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T16:09:36Z","timestamp":1732637376000},"page":"110-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Agitation: Neurobiology and current management guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Christopher W.T.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Van Remmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6866","article-title":"The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the american association for emergency psychiatry project beta psychopharmacology workgroup","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6865","article-title":"Overview of project BETA: best practices in evaluation and treatment of agitation","volume":"13","author":"Holloman","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12138","article-title":"Improving the management of acutely agitated patients in the emergency department through implementation of project BETA (best practices in the evaluation and treatment of agitation)","volume":"1","author":"Roppolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.002","article-title":"How we prevent and treat delirium in the ICU","volume":"160","author":"Palakshappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.01.011","article-title":"Emergency medicine updates: droperidol","volume":"53","author":"Cisewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.11.011","article-title":"Rapid tranquilization of the agitated patient in the emergency department: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"deSouza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.4.45779","article-title":"Current understanding of the neurobiology of agitation","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3512-6","article-title":"Functional anatomy of 5-HT2A receptors in the amygdala and hippocampal complex: relevance to memory functions","volume":"230","author":"Bombardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00068","article-title":"Neuronal localization of the 5-HT2 receptor family in the amygdaloid complex","volume":"5","author":"Bombardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15920-7","article-title":"Identification of a prefrontal cortex-to-amygdala pathway for chronic stress-induced anxiety","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285291500019X","article-title":"The neurobiology of aggression and violence","volume":"20","author":"Rosell","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.046","article-title":"Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala","volume":"34","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1718","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0206","article-title":"Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing","volume":"372","author":"Roelofs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01392-4","article-title":"Serotonin modulates an inhibitory input to the central amygdala from the ventral periaqueductal gray","volume":"47","author":"Hon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276935","article-title":"The central amygdala to periaqueductal gray pathway comprises intrinsically distinct neurons differentially affected in a model of inflammatory pain","volume":"596","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277196","article-title":"Projections, where art thou: the state and future of the central amygdala","volume":"597","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117725915","article-title":"Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors","volume":"31","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh104","article-title":"Modulation of the activity of pyramidal neurons in rat prefrontal cortex by raphe stimulation in vivo: involvement of serotonin and GABA","volume":"15","author":"Puig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73829-z","article-title":"5-HT(1A) receptor agonism in the basolateral amygdala increases mutual-reward choices in rats","volume":"10","author":"Sch\u00f6nfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.03.019","article-title":"5-HT1A receptor-regulated signal transduction pathways in brain","volume":"22","author":"Polter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9870","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700436104","article-title":"Mechanism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor-mediated facilitation of synaptic activity in prefrontal cortex","volume":"104","author":"B\u00e9\u00efque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00225","article-title":"The role of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in memory and cognition","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01252-7","article-title":"RNA editing of the 5-HT2C receptor in the central nucleus of the amygdala is involved in resilience behavior","volume":"11","author":"Warhaftig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0120","article-title":"Basolateral amygdala serotonin 2C receptor regulates emotional disorder-related symptoms induced by chronic methamphetamine administration","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.01.019","article-title":"Neurochemical impact of the 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist WAY-163909 on monoamine tissue content in the rat brain","volume":"124","author":"Chagraoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.011","article-title":"5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors in the basolateral amygdala are involved in the expression of anxiety after uncontrollable traumatic stress","volume":"67","author":"Christianson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420974336","article-title":"Monoamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, beyond modulation, \u201cswitches\u201d that alter the state of target networks","volume":"28","author":"Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(93)90061-H","article-title":"Adrenergic receptors, G proteins, and cell regulation: implications for aging research","volume":"28","author":"Insel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0818-x","article-title":"Norepinephrine: a neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance","volume":"37","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20642","article-title":"Current perspectives of the roles of the central norepinephrine system in anxiety and depression","volume":"27","author":"Goddard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2010.00154","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptors in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala contribute to the acquisition but not the consolidation of auditory fear conditioning","volume":"4","author":"Bush","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18247","article-title":"Locus coeruleus to basolateral amygdala noradrenergic projections promote anxiety-like behavior","volume":"6","author":"McCall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2398212820930321","article-title":"The role of the locus coeruleus in the generation of pathological anxiety","volume":"4","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Neurosci Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050410","article-title":"Central 5-HT depletion enhances impulsive responding without affecting the accuracy of attentional performance: interactions with dopaminergic mechanisms","volume":"133","author":"Harrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040","article-title":"Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review","volume":"150","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.08.052","article-title":"Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core signals perceived saliency","volume":"31","author":"Kutlu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01400-x","article-title":"Dopamine and fear memory formation in the human amygdala","volume":"27","author":"Frick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2018-0023","article-title":"Understanding the role of dopamine in conditioned and unconditioned fear","volume":"30","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.01.011","article-title":"Is elevated norepinephrine an etiological factor in some cases of schizophrenia?","volume":"215","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.12.014","article-title":"Hypothetical dopamine dynamics in mania and psychosis\u2013its pharmacokinetic implications","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00224-0","article-title":"GABA(A) receptors: structure, function, pharmacology, and related disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ghit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35649-0","article-title":"Limited prefrontal cortical regulation over the basolateral amygdala in adolescent rats","volume":"8","author":"Selleck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0063-8","article-title":"Inhibition in the amygdala anxiety circuitry","volume":"50","author":"Babaev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370221989263","article-title":"Influence of glutamate and GABA transport on brain excitatory\/inhibitory balance","volume":"246","author":"Sears","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.04.010","article-title":"New perspectives in glutamate and anxiety","volume":"100","author":"Riaza Bermudo-Soriano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0230","article-title":"Glutamatergic neurons in the amygdala are involved in paclitaxel-induced pain and anxiety","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.02.050","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy may rehabilitate abnormally functional communication pattern among the triple-network in major depressive disorder: a follow-up study","volume":"304","author":"Teng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0240","article-title":"Treatment of agitation with lorazepam in clinical practice: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Amore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(97)90119-4","article-title":"Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study","volume":"15","author":"Battaglia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2022.10.010","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of delirium symptoms: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Sadlonova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199411000-00028","article-title":"Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval","volume":"79","author":"Lischke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001688","article-title":"A study of cardiac outcomes after droperidol administration in an inpatient psychiatric cohort","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2003.110","article-title":"Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence?","volume":"41","author":"Kao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.4.47036","article-title":"The incidence of QT prolongation and Torsades des pointes in patients receiving droperidol in an urban emergency department","volume":"21","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.09.010","article-title":"Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult out-of-hospital or emergency department patients presenting with severe agitation: approved by the ACEP board of directors, October 6, 2023","volume":"83","author":"Thiessen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.07.118","article-title":"Intravenous droperidol or olanzapine as an adjunct to midazolam for the acutely agitated patient: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"61","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14124","article-title":"Randomized double-blind trial of intramuscular droperidol, ziprasidone, and lorazepam for acute undifferentiated agitation in the emergency department","volume":"28","author":"Martel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.12.1518","article-title":"Relationship of neuroleptic drug effects at brain dopamine, serotonin, alpha-adrenergic, and histamine receptors to clinical potency","volume":"137","author":"Peroutka","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx102","article-title":"The in vitro actions of loxapine on dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. Time to consider atypical classification of this antipsychotic drug?","volume":"21","author":"Ferreri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084368","article-title":"The management of psychomotor agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a brief review","volume":"18","author":"Pompili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000685","article-title":"Agitation in schizophrenia: origins and evidence-based treatment","volume":"34","author":"Citrome","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0315","first-page":"33","article-title":"Use of intramuscular chlorpromazine versus intramuscular olanzapine for the management of acute agitation and aggression in youth","volume":"26","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00258","article-title":"Classics in chemical neuroscience: chlorpromazine","volume":"10","author":"Boyd-Kimball","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem Nerosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113478281","article-title":"Comparison of the anti-dopamine D\u2082 and anti-serotonin 5-HT(2A) activities of chlorpromazine, bromperidol, haloperidol and second-generation antipsychotics parent compounds and metabolites thereof","volume":"27","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00310","article-title":"Pathophysiological roles of serotonergic system in regulating extrapyramidal motor functions","volume":"36","author":"Ohno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00146-7","article-title":"Antagonism by olanzapine of dopamine D1, serotonin2, muscarinic, histamine H1 and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Bymaster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2018.09.208","article-title":"Coadministration of intramuscular olanzapine and benzodiazepines in agitated patients with mental illness","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028019831634","article-title":"Intravenous olanzapine for the management of agitation: review of the literature","volume":"53","author":"Khorassani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E262","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000656","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of agitation and\/or aggression in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"36","author":"Rahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-12-1","article-title":"Evidence review and clinical guidance for the use of ziprasidone in Canada","volume":"12","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnf.0000159952.64640.28","article-title":"Ziprasidone-associated mania: a review and report of 2 additional cases","volume":"28","author":"Keating","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006569.pub3","article-title":"Ziprasidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia","author":"Komossa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110376685","article-title":"Effects on prolongation of Bazett\u2019s corrected QT interval of seven second-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.05.028","article-title":"Safety of risperidone for acute agitation and alcohol intoxication in emergency department patients","volume":"53","author":"Pepa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199448020-00009","article-title":"Risperidone. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Grant","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150605111236","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotics and inverse agonism at 5-HT2 receptors","volume":"21","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.189076","article-title":"Relationship between dose, drug levels, and D2 receptor occupancy for the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and paliperidone","volume":"341","author":"Muly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.07.023","article-title":"Managing delirium and agitation in the older emergency department patient: the ADEPT tool","volume":"75","author":"Shenvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220508","article-title":"Dementia is more than memory loss: neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia and their nonpharmacological and pharmacological management","volume":"179","author":"Tampi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0405","article-title":"Treatment options for acute agitation in psychiatric patients: theoretical and empirical evidence","volume":"11","author":"Zareifopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852915000954","article-title":"Mechanism of action of brexpiprazole: comparison with aripiprazole","volume":"21","author":"Stahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00707-7","article-title":"Management of dementia-related psychosis, agitation and aggression: a review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of potential drug candidates","volume":"34","author":"Marcinkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091545","article-title":"An eight-year clinic experience with clozapine use in a Parkinson\u2019s disease clinic setting","volume":"9","author":"Hack","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001048","article-title":"Clozapine rechallenge following neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Lally","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9098","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1176-22.2022","article-title":"Amygdala intercalated cells: gate keepers and conveyors of internal state to the circuits of emotion","volume":"42","author":"Asede","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280231163192","article-title":"Comparison of droperidol and midazolam versus haloperidol and lorazepam for acute agitation management in the emergency department","volume":"57","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-020-00116-y","article-title":"Neuropsychopharmacological effects of midazolam on the human brain","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0445","first-page":"214","article-title":"Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000787","article-title":"Psychopharmacology of agitation in acute psychotic and manic episodes","volume":"35","author":"Stetson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0455","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation","volume":"12","author":"Zaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0460","first-page":"744","article-title":"A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients","volume":"11","author":"Nobay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7417","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7417.708","article-title":"Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine","volume":"327","author":"Group TC","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.07.033","article-title":"Midazolam-droperidol, droperidol, or olanzapine for acute agitation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"69","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2024.01.004","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of intravenous medications for the management of acute disturbance (agitation and other escalating behaviors): a systematic review of prospective interventional studies","volume":"65","author":"Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100751","article-title":"Intramuscular midazolam, olanzapine, or haloperidol for the management of acute agitation: a multi-centre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.04.027","article-title":"Intramuscular midazolam, olanzapine, ziprasidone, or haloperidol for treating acute agitation in the emergency department","volume":"72","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.095","article-title":"Front-loaded diazepam versus lorazepam for treatment of alcohol withdrawal agitated delirium","volume":"44","author":"Levine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S276878","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline for adult sedation, pain assessment, and analgesia in a low resource setting intensive care unit: review article","volume":"13","author":"Neme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1043956","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of clinical research on dexmedetomidine in the past 2 decades: a bibliometric analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0505","series-title":"Dexmedetomidine. StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls publishing copyright \u00a9 2024","author":"Reel","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90744-3","article-title":"Characterization of the selectivity, specificity and potency of medetomidine as an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist","volume":"150","author":"Virtanen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-62.1.31","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications","volume":"62","author":"Giovannitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.94750","article-title":"Current role of dexmedetomidine in clinical anesthesia and intensive care","volume":"5","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024353","article-title":"CONSORT the effect of a bolus dose of dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain, agitation, and quality of recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy","volume":"100","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0530","article-title":"Pharmacological prevention of postictal agitation after electroconvulsive therapy-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Feenstra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520957554","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine is superior to midazolam for sedation and cerebral protection in postoperative hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage patients: a retrospective study","volume":"48","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-019-01299-7","article-title":"Intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine for the prevention of emergence agitation and postoperative delirium in thoracic surgery: a randomized-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0799","article-title":"Effect of sublingual dexmedetomidine vs placebo on acute agitation associated with bipolar disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"327","author":"Preskorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.22m14447","article-title":"Sublingual dexmedetomidine for the treatment of acute agitation in adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Citrome","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280231171179","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine sublingual film: a new treatment to reduce agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders","volume":"58","author":"Karlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0560","first-page":"42","article-title":"Ketamine\u2019s effects on the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems: a proteomics and metabolomics study in mice","volume":"5","author":"Weckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.037","article-title":"Repeat-dose ketamine augmentation for treatment-resistant depression with chronic suicidal ideation: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"243","author":"Ionescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2014.03.002","article-title":"Ketamine - more mechanisms of action than just NMDA blockade","volume":"4","author":"Sleigh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Anaesth Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.1744","article-title":"Functional connectivity of the amygdala subregions and the antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in major depressive disorder","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.11.007","article-title":"Ketamine for emergency sedation of agitated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2021.1865911","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pharmacologic agents used for rapid tranquilization of emergency department patients with acute agitation or excited delirium","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2022.09.003","article-title":"Management of pain and agitation in trauma","volume":"41","author":"Strayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2022.2108178","article-title":"Intubation rates following prehospital administration of ketamine for acute agitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Lipscombe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2016.1177652","article-title":"A prospective study of ketamine versus haloperidol for severe prehospital agitation","volume":"54","author":"Cole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.29252\/beat-060404","article-title":"Effect of intramuscular ketamine versus haloperidol on short-term control of severe agitated patients in emergency department; a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Heydari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull Emerg Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2014.9.23229","article-title":"Prehospital use of i.m. ketamine for sedation of violent and agitated patients","volume":"15","author":"Scheppke","year":"2014","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13725","article-title":"Psychiatric outcomes of patients with severe agitation following administration of prehospital ketamine","volume":"26","author":"Lebin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4693","article-title":"Association of ketamine with psychiatric symptoms and implications for its therapeutic use and for understanding schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.013","article-title":"Efficacy of ketamine for initial control of acute agitation in the emergency department: a randomized study","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.05.023","article-title":"Rapid agitation control with ketamine in the emergency department: a blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Barbic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007","article-title":"Valproic acid for the management of agitation and delirium in the intensive care setting: a retrospective analysis","volume":"42","author":"Crowley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.04.081","article-title":"Effects of divalproex and atypical antipsychotic drugs on dopamine and acetylcholine efflux in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex","volume":"1099","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112021","article-title":"Hidden pharmacological activities of valproic acid: a new insight","volume":"142","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000064","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of valproic acid versus haloperidol in patients with acute agitation: results of a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial","volume":"30","author":"Asadollahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-00636-7","article-title":"Pharmacological management of dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"36","author":"Hershey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091211038371","article-title":"Valproic acid in the management of delirium","volume":"39","author":"Cuartas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029604","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for agitated behaviours in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Williamson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675724006545?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675724006545?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T11:41:00Z","timestamp":1738928460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735675724006545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":133,"alternative-id":["S0735675724006545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Agitation: Neurobiology and current management guidelines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.068","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}