{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:15:56Z","timestamp":1790198156305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":308,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"U.S. Army","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009898","name":"Defense Health Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009898","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010186","name":"Brooke Army Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010186","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T17:19:47Z","timestamp":1737566387000},"page":"169-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Emergency medicine updates: Evaluation and diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Brit","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002255","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016","volume":"45","author":"Rhodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623","article-title":"Severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"369","author":"Angus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093188","article-title":"2023 update on sepsis and septic shock in adult patients: management in the emergency department","volume":"12","author":"Guarino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"10141","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30696-2","article-title":"Sepsis and septic shock","volume":"392","author":"Cecconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-021-00765-y","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges in sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Duncan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"issue":"10219","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000958","article-title":"Epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock","volume":"34","author":"Chiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14986","article-title":"Epidemiology of sepsis presentations and management among United States emergency departments from 2016-2023","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139","article-title":"The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000","volume":"348","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2637","article-title":"Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012","volume":"311","author":"Kaukonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202112-2743OC","article-title":"Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of sepsis in ICUs among countries of differing national wealth across Asia","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000261890.41311.E9","article-title":"Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003","volume":"35","author":"Dombrovskiy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415236","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis","volume":"372","author":"Kaukonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000085141.75513.2B","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis occurring in the first 24 hrs in intensive care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland","volume":"31","author":"Padkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A","article-title":"Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study","volume":"34","author":"Vincent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000186748.64438.7B","article-title":"Facing the challenge: decreasing case fatality rates in severe sepsis despite increasing hospitalizations","volume":"33","author":"Dombrovskiy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181d8cc1d","article-title":"Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Winters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2199OC","article-title":"Multicenter implementation of a severe sepsis and septic shock treatment bundle","volume":"188","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31829a6e89","article-title":"Profile of the risk of death after septic shock in the present era: an epidemiologic study","volume":"41","author":"Pavon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401602","article-title":"A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock","volume":"370","author":"ProCESS Investigators","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5804","article-title":"Hospital deaths in patients with sepsis from 2 independent cohorts","volume":"312","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1875OC","article-title":"Association between source of infection and hospital mortality in patients who have septic shock","volume":"189","author":"Leligdowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6513a2","article-title":"Varying estimates of sepsis mortality using death certificates and administrative codes\u2013United States, 1999\u20132014","volume":"65","author":"Epstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318232db65","article-title":"Hospitalizations, costs, and outcomes of severe sepsis in the United States 2003 to 2007","volume":"40","author":"Lagu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care","volume":"29","author":"Angus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.21.2762","article-title":"Caring for the critically ill patient. Current and projected workforce requirements for care of the critically ill and patients with pulmonary disease: can we meet the requirements of an aging population?","volume":"284","author":"Angus","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550030074038","article-title":"Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers","volume":"278","author":"Sands","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198709103171101","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"317","author":"Bone","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102143240701","article-title":"Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The HA-1A Sepsis Study Group","volume":"324","author":"Ziegler","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520360048038","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TNF-alpha MAb Sepsis Study Group","volume":"273","author":"Abraham","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.7.515","article-title":"The systemic inflammatory response syndrome as a predictor of bacteraemia and outcome from sepsis","volume":"89","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194535.82812.BA","article-title":"The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.4.968","article-title":"Severe sepsis in community-acquired pneumonia: when does it happen, and do systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria help predict course?","volume":"129","author":"Dremsizov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0483OC","article-title":"Hospitalization type and subsequent severe sepsis","volume":"192","author":"Prescott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1001976","article-title":"Immunodeficiency and genetic defects of pattern recognition receptors","volume":"364","author":"Netea","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.8.834","article-title":"Age- and sex-associated trends in bloodstream infection: a population-based study in Olmsted County","volume":"167","author":"Uslan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minnesota Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1086\/596608","article-title":"Influx of multidrug-resistant, gram negative bacteria in the hospital setting and the role of elderly patients with bacterial bloodstream infection","volume":"30","author":"Pop-Vicas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.07.001","article-title":"Polymicrobial bloodstream infections involving Candida species: analysis of patients and review of the literature","volume":"59","author":"Klotz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210501","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological variability in severe sepsis: an ecological study","volume":"72","author":"Vakkalanka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644","article-title":"Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine","volume":"101","author":"Bone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","article-title":"Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"345","author":"Rivers","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B","article-title":"SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS. 2001 SCCM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS International sepsis definitions conference","volume":"31","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5085-0","article-title":"The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update","volume":"44","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0230","series-title":"Comments on Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: Early Management Bundle (SEP-1) Published","article-title":"Patient safety post-comment Web meeting (spring 2021 cycle)","author":"Infectious Diseases Society of America with endorsement from the American College of Emergency Physicians, American Hospital Association, Pediatric Infectious Disease Society, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Society of Hospital Medicine, and Society of Infectious Disease Pharmacists","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad447","article-title":"Improving sepsis outcomes in the era of pay-for-performance and electronic quality measures: a joint IDSA\/ACEP\/PIDS\/SHEA\/SHM\/SIDP position paper","volume":"78","author":"Rhee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","article-title":"Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Seymour","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","article-title":"Sepsis definitions task force. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the third International consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Shankar-Hari","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European society of intensive care medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.12.016","article-title":"The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death","volume":"84","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.5191","article-title":"Comparison of early warning scoring systems for hospitalized patients with and without infection at risk for in-hospital mortality and transfer to the intensive care unit","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.10.521","article-title":"Validation of a modified Early Warning Score in medical admissions","volume":"94","author":"Subbe","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2024.02.009","article-title":"Early Physician Gestalt Versus Usual Screening Tools for the Prediction of Sepsis in Critically Ill Emergency Patients","volume":"84","author":"Knack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.08.005","article-title":"Source identification and source control","volume":"35","author":"Oliver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.09.035","article-title":"Consideration of Occult Infection and Sepsis Mimics in the Sick Patient Without an Apparent Infectious Source","volume":"56","author":"Boushra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2020.01.003","article-title":"A pulmonary source of infection in patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury leads to a worse outcome and poor recovery of kidney function","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.4.501","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Marrie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.05.035","article-title":"Emergency Medicine Evaluation of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: History, Examination, Imaging and Laboratory Assessment, and Risk Scores","volume":"53","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550170070035","article-title":"Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination","volume":"278","author":"Metlay","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.9.970","article-title":"Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) cohort study","volume":"159","author":"Coley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.08.011","article-title":"Diagnosing pneumonia by medical history and physical examination","volume":"46","author":"Rosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0017OC","article-title":"Early chest computed tomography scan to assist diagnosis and guide treatment decision for suspected community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"192","author":"Claessens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1086\/318124","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly","volume":"31","author":"Marrie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.5.8912763","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a multivariate analysis of risk and prognostic factors","volume":"154","author":"Riquelme","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440340089009","article-title":"Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"157","author":"Metlay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000076005.64510.87","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes","volume":"82","author":"Fernandez-Sabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-2-200301210-00012","article-title":"Testing strategies in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"138","author":"Metlay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2013.03.014","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"29","author":"Nicolle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0350","series-title":"Bloodstream Infections in Older Patients Virulence","first-page":"341","volume":"7","author":"Yahav","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.09.005","article-title":"Severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department","volume":"22","author":"Talan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50458.x","article-title":"Bloodstream infection: differences between young-old, old, and old-old patients","volume":"50","author":"Gavazzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.06.003","article-title":"The Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"36","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir927","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges and opportunities in older adults with infectious diseases","volume":"54","author":"van Duin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400240097016","article-title":"Toward improved empiric management of moderate to severe urinary tract infections","volume":"152","author":"Leibovici","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02073.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in hospitalized older people","volume":"57","author":"Woodford","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.12.068","article-title":"Urinary obstruction is an important complicating factor in patients with septic shock due to urinary infection","volume":"34","author":"Reyner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.04.026","article-title":"High risk and low prevalence diseases: Tubo-ovarian abscess","volume":"57","author":"Bridwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.06.023","article-title":"Fournier Gangrene: a review for emergency clinicians","volume":"57","author":"Montrief","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2021.09.015","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Cellulitis and Abscess in the Emergency Department Setting: an Evidence-Based Review","volume":"62","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0405","article-title":"Epidemiology of abscess and cellulitis among United States emergency departments from 2016 to 2023","volume":"12","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2021.12.012","article-title":"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections (NSTI): Pearls and Pitfalls for the Emergency Clinician","volume":"62","author":"Pelletier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.01.004","article-title":"Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Skin and Soft Tissue Abscesses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(02)00080-9","article-title":"Pearls and pitfalls in the emergency department evaluation of abdominal pain","volume":"21","author":"Kamin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2431","article-title":"Imaging strategies for detection of urgent conditions in patients with acute abdominal pain: diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"338","author":"Lameris","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565120-00002","article-title":"Critical issues in the clinical management of complicated intra-abdominal infections","volume":"65","author":"Blot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1983.01390030017003","article-title":"Prognosis in generalized peritonitis. Relation to cause and risk factors","volume":"118","author":"Bohnen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900364","article-title":"Tertiary peritonitis: clinical features of a complex nosocomial infection","volume":"22","author":"Nathens","year":"1998","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1982.01380270046010","article-title":"Critical importance of early diagnosis and treatment of intra-abdominal infection","volume":"117","author":"Pitcher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1262603","article-title":"Secondary peritonitis","volume":"136","author":"Hartl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Chir."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2004.06.008","article-title":"Benefit\/risk profile of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in surgical patients with severe sepsis","volume":"188","author":"Barie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.09.034","article-title":"The interrater variation of ED abdominal examination findings in patients with acute abdominal pain","volume":"23","author":"Pines","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.01.001","article-title":"High risk and low prevalence diseases: Mesenteric ischemia","volume":"65","author":"Molyneux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.06.039","article-title":"The Emergency Medicine-Focused Review of Cholangitis","volume":"54","author":"Ely","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1373-4","article-title":"Influence of surgical treatment timing on mortality from necrotizing soft tissue infections requiring intensive care management","volume":"35","author":"Boyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000371583","article-title":"Expert Steering Group. Guideline for the diagnostic pathway in patients with acute abdominal pain","volume":"32","author":"Gans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106591","article-title":"Abdominal Sepsis Study (AbSeS) Group on behalf of the Trials Group of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Epidemiology and age-related mortality in critically ill patients with intra-abdominal infection or sepsis: an international cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.12.042","article-title":"High risk and low prevalence diseases: adult bacterial meningitis","volume":"65","author":"Pajor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199301073280104","article-title":"Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes","volume":"328","author":"Durand","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.01.008","article-title":"High risk and low prevalence diseases: Spinal epidural abscess","volume":"53","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.08.008","article-title":"Sepsis syndrome, bloodstream infections, and device-related infections","volume":"96","author":"Al Mohajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12118","article-title":"Biophysics of biofilm infection","volume":"70","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms","volume":"35","author":"H\u00f8iby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2014.08.003","article-title":"Bloodstream infections and central line-associated bloodstream infections","volume":"94","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.27103","article-title":"The complex link between influenza and severe sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Florescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis197","article-title":"2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Hospitalizations Investigation Team. Influenza-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus\u2013United States, 2009","volume":"54","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.07.102","article-title":"Clinical Mimics: an emergency medicine-focused review of sepsis Mimics","volume":"52","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2016.07.003","article-title":"Best Clinical Practice: Blood Culture Utility in the Emergency Department","volume":"51","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00003","article-title":"Detection of bacteremia in adults: consequences of culturing an inadequate volume of blood","volume":"119","author":"Mermel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R202","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12896","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of culture-negative versus culture-positive severe sepsis","volume":"17","author":"Phua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1186\/1364-8535-17-1001","article-title":"Unrevealing culture-negative severe sepsis","volume":"17","author":"de Prost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7886","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: the promise of rapid infection diagnosis during sepsis using polymerase chain reaction-based pathogen detection","volume":"13","author":"Dark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1086\/320880","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in women: a nationwide analysis","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00324.x","volume":"7","author":"Bouza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1086\/383029","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0580","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Urinalysis: a comprehensive review","volume":"71","author":"Simerville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70378-0","article-title":"Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly","volume":"11","author":"Nicolle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1086\/426436","article-title":"Bacterial Meningitis in Burkina Faso: Surveillance Using Field-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing","volume":"40","author":"Chatelet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0595","first-page":"385","article-title":"Added value of PCR-testing for confirmation of invasive meningococcal disease in England","volume":"67","author":"Heinsbroek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.2919-2925.2004","article-title":"Prospective Study of a Real-Time PCR That Is Highly Sensitive, Specific, and Clinically Useful for Diagnosis of Meningococcal Disease in Children","volume":"42","author":"Bryant","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06956-y","article-title":"How to use biomarkers of infection or sepsis at the bedside: guide to clinicians","volume":"49","author":"P\u00f3voa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.09.004","article-title":"Ready for Prime Time? Biomarkers in Sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v12.i4.188","article-title":"Biomarkers in sepsis-looking for the Holy Grail or chasing a mirage!","volume":"12","author":"Ahuja","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27870","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.11.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of arterial, venous, and capillary blood lactate as a sepsis triage tool in ED patients","volume":"33","author":"Contenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"16\u201317","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.05.014","article-title":"Evaluation of lactate, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, procalcitonin and immature granulocyte count as biomarkers for sepsis in emergency department patients","volume":"50","author":"Karon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181704","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin, neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio, C-reactive protein, and lactate in patients with suspected bacterial sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Ljungstrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"665","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e859","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X693665","article-title":"Point-of-care lactate testing for sepsis at presentation to health care: a systematic review of patient outcomes","volume":"67","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000624","article-title":"Procalcitonin as a marker of the systemic inflammatory response to infection","volume":"26","author":"Reinhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0203000302","article-title":"Procalcitonin and proinflammatory cytokine clearance during continuous venovenous haemofiltration in septic patients","volume":"30","author":"Dahaba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181692966","article-title":"Influence of renal dysfunction on the accuracy of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of postoperative infection after vascular surgery","volume":"36","author":"Amour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1086\/421997","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-019-0374-4","article-title":"Diagnostic value of procalcitonin and presepsin for sepsis in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70323-7","article-title":"Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-021-00747-0","article-title":"Host diagnostic biomarkers of infection in the ICU: where are we and where are we going?","volume":"23","author":"Heffernan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8155","article-title":"Clinical review: the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Christ-Crain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.01.049","article-title":"The diagnostic utility of procalcitonin is limited in the setting of methamphetamine toxicity","volume":"54","author":"Kennis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31821e8791","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided interventions against infections to increase early appropriate antibiotics and improve survival in the intensive care unit: a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318251517a","article-title":"Procalcitonin usefulness for the initiation of antibiotic treatment in intensive care unit patients","volume":"40","author":"Layios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0700","first-page":"562","article-title":"The comparison of procalcitonin guidance administer antibiotics with empiric antibiotic therapy in critically ill patients admitted in intensive care unit","volume":"53","author":"Najafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta, Med, Iran"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"200","author":"Metlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R125","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5036","article-title":"Decreases in procalcitonin and C-reactive protein are strong predictors of survival in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Seligman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.151442","article-title":"Prognostic value of serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in critically ill patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-746OC","article-title":"Procalcitonin kinetics as a prognostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"171","author":"Luyt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132011000400012","article-title":"Comparing the accuracy of predictors of mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"37","author":"Seligman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-2-32","article-title":"Biomarker-guided antibiotic therapy in adult critically ill patients: a critical review","volume":"2","author":"Povoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R76","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6922","article-title":"The role of corticosteroids in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Salluh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R129","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10242","article-title":"C-reactive protein in critically ill cancer patients with sepsis: influence of neutropenia","volume":"15","author":"Povoa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1664-8","article-title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations in nonseptic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"29","author":"Dahaba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2005.08.005","article-title":"Serum levels of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in critically ill patients with cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"146","author":"Bota","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f47c32","article-title":"Serum markers in community-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"21","author":"Povoa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R53","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11291","article-title":"Patterns of c-reactive protein RATIO response in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Coelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1086\/430382","article-title":"Pilot study evaluating C-reactive protein levels in the assessment of response to treatment of severe bloodstream infection","volume":"40","author":"Povoa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00071704","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia resolution: a pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Povoa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcp027","article-title":"Severity assessment in community-acquired pneumonia: a review","volume":"102","author":"Singanayagam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1086\/514675","article-title":"High-resolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"Syrja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332408","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"333","author":"Bartlett","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.08.041","article-title":"High discordance of chest x-ray and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary opacities in ED patients: implications for diagnosing pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Self","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0795","first-page":"833","article-title":"The relationship between volume status, hydration, and radiographic findings in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"49","author":"Hash","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.11.042","article-title":"Chest radiograph vs. computed tomography scan in the evaluation for pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Hayden","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.10.003","article-title":"Performance comparison of lung ultrasound and chest x-ray for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the ED","volume":"32","author":"Bourcier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0810","first-page":"115","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia: a bivariate meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-50","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Chavez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"Supplement_3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae346","article-title":"2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Risk Assessment, Diagnostic Imaging, and Microbiological Evaluation in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People","volume":"79","author":"Bonomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"11S","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0825","first-page":"S217","article-title":"Carucci LR. ACR Appropriateness Criteria\u00ae acute nonlocalized abdominal pain","volume":"15","author":"Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Radiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-014-1240-2","article-title":"The impact of introducing a no oral contrast abdominopelvic CT examination (NOCAPE) pathway on radiology turn around times, emergency department length of stay, and patient safety","volume":"21","author":"Razavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-012-1059-7","article-title":"Eliminating routine oral contrast use for CT in the emergency department: impact on patient throughput and diagnosis","volume":"19","author":"Levenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-009-0847-1","article-title":"Effect of oral contrast for abdominal computed tomography on emergency department length of stay","volume":"17","author":"Schuur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.10.050","article-title":"High risk and low incidence diseases: bariatric surgery complications","volume":"87","author":"Farooqi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404446","article-title":"Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis","volume":"371","author":"Smith-Bindman","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0b013e3182625974","article-title":"ACR Appropriateness Criteria acute onset flank pain\u2013suspicion of stone disease","volume":"28","author":"Coursey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002774","article-title":"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection: Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination, Imaging, and LRINEC Score: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"269","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.12.037","article-title":"Ultrasound for the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Marks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4145-x","article-title":"The Role of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections","volume":"42","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2024.05.010","article-title":"Skin, Soft Tissue, and Musculoskeletal Ultrasound","volume":"42","author":"Marks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.02.027","article-title":"The Relationship Between Fluid Accumulation in Ultrasonography and the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Necrotizing Fasciitis","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.173868","article-title":"Early surgical intervention and its impact on patients presenting with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience","volume":"9","author":"Hadeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Trauma Shock"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675725000646?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675725000646?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T02:01:01Z","timestamp":1750125661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735675725000646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":177,"alternative-id":["S0735675725000646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Emergency medicine updates: Evaluation and diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.01.055","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}