{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:15:45Z","timestamp":1790115345851,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:50:28Z","timestamp":1772095828000},"page":"17-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Machine learning models to detect opioid misuse in emergency department patients at triage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Chirag","family":"Chhablani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Parde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Muslmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dillon","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Karnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7325a1","article-title":"Treatment for opioid use disorder: population estimates \u2014 United States, 2022","volume":"73","author":"Dowell","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0010","author":"CDC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0015","series-title":"Trends in opioid-involved emergency department visits: Overall and by type of opioid, 2021\u20132024","author":"Das","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1811988","article-title":"Emergency departments - a 24\/7\/365 option for combating the opioid crisis","volume":"379","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2022.06.015","article-title":"Principles of screening for disease and health risk factors in the emergency department","volume":"81","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.01.009","article-title":"Variability in opioid use disorder clinical presentations and treatment in the emergency department: a mixed-methods study","volume":"66","author":"Faude","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.35603","article-title":"Trends and disparities in initiation of buprenorphine in US emergency departments, 2013-2022","volume":"7","author":"Chhabra","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.70035","article-title":"Racial, ethnic, and sex disparities in buprenorphine treatment from emergency departments by discharge diagnosis","author":"Chhabra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-024-00616-2","article-title":"Screening for harmful substance use in emergency departments: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Moe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.03.033","article-title":"Impact of universal screening and automated clinical decision support for the treatment of opioid Use disorder in emergency departments: a difference-in-differences analysis","volume":"82","author":"Lowenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.03.018","article-title":"Screening tools validated in the outpatient pain management setting poorly predict opioid misuse in the emergency department: a pilot study","volume":"56","author":"Chalmers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.04.030","article-title":"Death by a thousand screens: a practical role for machine learning in emergency medicine","volume":"82","author":"Chhabra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0065","article-title":"Development and evaluation of machine learning models for the detection of emergency department patients with opioid misuse from clinical notes","author":"Shahid","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2022.104963","article-title":"Using natural language processing to identify opioid use disorder in electronic health record data","volume":"170","author":"Singleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00041-3","article-title":"Development and multimodal validation of a substance misuse algorithm for referral to treatment using artificial intelligence (SMART-AI): a retrospective deep learning study","volume":"4","author":"Afshar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01377-1","article-title":"Clinical entity augmented retrieval for clinical information extraction","volume":"8","author":"Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16394","article-title":"Performance of international classification of Disease-10 codes in detecting emergency department patients with opioid misuse","volume":"119","author":"Chhabra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-1099-y","article-title":"Publicly available machine learning models for identifying opioid misuse from the clinical notes of hospitalized patients","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0865","article-title":"Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in U.S. adults: 2015 National Survey on drug Use and health","volume":"167","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0105","series-title":"Summary of Misuse of Prescription Drugs","author":"Abuse NI on D","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","article-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","volume":"385","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.3404","article-title":"Evaluation of version 4 of the emergency severity index in US emergency departments for the rate of Mistriage","volume":"6","author":"Sax","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01066.x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a new five-level triage instrument","volume":"7","author":"Wuerz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0145","series-title":"Healthc. Cost util. Proj. HCUP stat","article-title":"Opioid-related hospital stays among women in the United States, 2016: Statistical brief #247","author":"Weiss","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148882","article-title":"The identification of subphenotypes and associations with health outcomes in patients with opioid-related emergency department encounters using latent class analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chhabra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124321","article-title":"Finding the hidden risk profiles of the United States opioid epidemic: using a person-centered approach on a national dataset of noninstitutionalized adults reporting opioid misuse","volume":"17","author":"Montiel Ishino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107671","article-title":"Accidental drug overdose deaths in Connecticut, 2012-2018: the rise of polysubstance detection?","volume":"205","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.02.005","article-title":"Characteristics of heroin-dependent patients seeking asthma care in the ED","volume":"34","author":"Weeks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2020-002402","article-title":"Quantifying electronic health record data: a potential risk for cognitive overload","volume":"11","author":"Gal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/55499","article-title":"Impact of electronic health record Use on cognitive load and burnout among clinicians: narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Asgari","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675726001117?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675726001117?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:38:09Z","timestamp":1782491889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735675726001117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0735675726001117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Machine learning models to detect opioid misuse in emergency department patients at triage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.02.037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}