{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:05:39Z","timestamp":1781222739295,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:14:19Z","timestamp":1778339659000},"page":"16-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["2025 guideline updates for community-acquired pneumonia diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Brit","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0005","author":"McDermott"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.05.035","article-title":"Emergency medicine evaluation of community-acquired pneumonia: history, examination, imaging and laboratory assessment, and risk scores","volume":"53","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.14796","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia: a review","volume":"332","author":"Vaughn","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7571","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) prevention epicenters program. prevalence, underlying causes, and preventability of sepsis-associated mortality in US acute care hospitals","volume":"2","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"200","author":"Metlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia","volume":"171","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00128713","article-title":"Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in Italian general practice","volume":"42","author":"Sterrantino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.02.012","article-title":"Incidence of all-cause adult community-acquired pneumonia in primary care settings in France","volume":"48","author":"Partouche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500245","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. Adults","volume":"373","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253118","article-title":"Population-based incidence and mortality of community-acquired pneumonia in Germany","volume":"16","author":"Theilacker","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1086\/511159","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Thoracic Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America\/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"44","author":"Mandell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0060","first-page":"24","article-title":"American Thoracic Society assembly on pulmonary infections and tuberculosis. Diagnosis and Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"212","author":"Jones","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-6-18","article-title":"Turning a blind eye: the mobilization of radiology services in resource-poor regions","volume":"6","author":"Maru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.10.003","article-title":"Performance comparison of lung ultrasound and chest x-ray for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the ED","volume":"32","author":"Bourcier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.08.041","article-title":"High discordance of chest x-ray and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary opacities in ED patients: implications for diagnosing pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Self","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0080","first-page":"3","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of chest x-ray and ultrasonography in detection of community acquired pneumonia. A brief report","volume":"3","author":"Taghizadieh","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.101584","article-title":"Lung ultrasound is an accurate diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the emergency department","volume":"29","author":"Cortellaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.07.024","article-title":"What is the utility of point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary Edema?","volume":"77","author":"Jeffers","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.03.003","article-title":"Can an etiologic agent be identified in adults who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: results of a one-year study","volume":"67","author":"Musher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1959.00270040018002","article-title":"Asian influenza A in Boston, 1957-1958. II. Severe staphylococcal pneumonia complicating influenza","volume":"103","author":"Martin","year":"1959","journal-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07089-9","article-title":"Bacterial co-infections in community-acquired pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"22","author":"Hedberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2110OC","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus increases the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae by binding to penicillin binding protein 1a. A new paradigm in respiratory infection","volume":"190","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix317","article-title":"Procalcitonin as a marker of Etiology in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Self","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz545","article-title":"Procalcitonin to distinguish viral from bacterial pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Kamat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1086\/313954","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"31","author":"Bartlett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.at1010","article-title":"American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention","volume":"163","author":"Niederman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2004.07.011","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"File","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.572912","article-title":"Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-3640","article-title":"Excess antibiotic treatment duration and adverse events in patients hospitalized with pneumonia: a multihospital cohort study","volume":"171","author":"Vaughn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1938","article-title":"Association of adverse events with antibiotic use in hospitalized patients","volume":"177","author":"Tamma","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz169","article-title":"Association between antibiotic use and hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in US acute care hospitals, 2006-2012: an ecologic analysis","volume":"70","author":"Kazakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.0569","article-title":"Association of duration and type of surgical prophylaxis with antimicrobial-associated adverse events","volume":"154","author":"Branch-Elliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv533","article-title":"Important complexities of the Antivirulence target paradigm: a novel ostensibly resistance-avoiding approach for treating infections","volume":"213","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.022","article-title":"Estimating daily antibiotic harms: an umbrella review with individual study meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Curran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.06.083","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile infection evaluation and management in the emergency department","volume":"38","author":"Carius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7554","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7554.1355","article-title":"Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia: randomised, double blind study","volume":"332","author":"el Moussaoui","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.3633","article-title":"Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial","volume":"176","author":"Uranga","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"10280","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00313-5","article-title":"Discontinuing \u03b2-lactam treatment after 3 days for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in non-critical care wards (PTC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"397","author":"Dinh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.3646","article-title":"The new antibiotic mantra-\u201cshorter is better\u201d","volume":"176","author":"Spellberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2648","article-title":"Pneumonia duration of therapy medication utilization evaluation group. Total duration of antimicrobial therapy in veterans hospitalized with uncomplicated pneumonia: results of a national medication utilization evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Madaras-Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.10.4035-4041.2005","article-title":"Novel, single-dose microsphere formulation of azithromycin versus 7-day levofloxacin therapy for treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"49","author":"D\u2019Ignazio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2230","article-title":"Single-dose azithromycin microspheres vs clarithromycin extended release for the treatment of mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"128","author":"Drehobl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.18.1452","article-title":"Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines","volume":"279","author":"Halm","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157350","article-title":"Predictors and implications of early clinical stability in patients hospitalized for moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Garin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.017756","article-title":"Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome","volume":"59","author":"Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0230","article-title":"Three-day antibiotic duration in patients with pneumonia: a sixty-eight\u2013hospital cohort","volume":"3","author":"Vaughn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2215145","article-title":"CRICS-TriGGERSep Network. Hydrocortisone in severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"388","author":"Dequin","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2078-z","article-title":"ESICM H1N1 registry contributors. Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection","volume":"37","author":"Martin-Loeches","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675726002329?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675726002329?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:27:26Z","timestamp":1781220446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735675726002329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0735675726002329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"2025 guideline updates for community-acquired pneumonia diagnosis and management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.05.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}