{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:58:15Z","timestamp":1790539095583,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T08:50:26Z","timestamp":1787388626000},"page":"180-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prospective validation of HACOR score for HFNO failure in emergency department patients with acute respiratory failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2758-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emir","family":"Unal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erhan","family":"Altunbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eren Onur","family":"Karavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7090-8917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Altun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1422-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Kudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9747-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cigdem","family":"Ozpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5479-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Karacabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1316-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haldun","family":"Akoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozge","family":"Onur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"Denizbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326","article-title":"High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"372","author":"Frat","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05590-5","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula compared with conventional oxygen therapy for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Rochwerg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.a2021.0031","article-title":"The utility of HACOR score in predicting failure of high-flow nasal oxygen in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"89","author":"Magdy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-024-00720-8","article-title":"External validation of the HACOR score and ROX index for predicting treatment failure in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia managed on high-flow nasal cannula therapy: a multicenter retrospective observational study in Japan","volume":"12","author":"Okano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-04199-5","article-title":"Association between step-down disposition based on the HACOR score and mortality in ED patients treated with non-invasive ventilation","author":"Versace","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.11.009","article-title":"Comparison of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio in prediction of noninvasive mechanical ventilation failure in patients admitted to the emergency department with COPD exacerbation","volume":"100","author":"\u00c7atal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4601-3","article-title":"Assessment of heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation, and respiratory rate to predict noninvasive ventilation failure in hypoxemic patients","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04060-7","article-title":"An updated HACOR score for predicting the failure of noninvasive ventilation: a multicenter prospective observational study","volume":"26","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach","volume":"44","author":"DeLong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07464","article-title":"Prediction of mortality with the use of noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure","volume":"65","author":"Innocenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666251347757","article-title":"Association between early intubation and mortality in patients at high risk for noninvasive ventilation failure: a propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00791-2016","article-title":"Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society guideline","volume":"49","author":"Wedzicha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0589OC","article-title":"An index combining respiratory rate and oxygenation to predict outcome of nasal high-flow therapy","volume":"199","author":"Roca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.08.008","article-title":"Validity of a clinical scale in predicting the failure of non-invasive ventilation in hypoxemic patients","volume":"60","author":"Carrillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03058-x","article-title":"Role of prognostic scores in predicting in-hospital mortality and failure of non-invasive ventilation in adults with COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Innocenti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-026-05894-1","article-title":"In-hospital testing of NIVPredict \u2014 an AI tool for early prediction of non-invasive ventilation outcome in acute respiratory failure","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0085","article-title":"Schematic assessment of non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure by exploration of paradigm shift in emergency medicine","volume":"17","author":"Suleman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0585-9","article-title":"Early prediction of noninvasive ventilation failure in COPD patients: derivation, internal validation, and external validation of a simple risk score","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0095","article-title":"Impact of HACOR score on noninvasive ventilation failure in non-COPD patients with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure","volume":"2021","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.01.044","article-title":"Evaluation of HACOR scale as a predictor of non-invasive ventilation failure in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"79","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24338","article-title":"Prediction of noninvasive ventilation failure in a mixed population visiting the emergency Department in a Tertiary Care Center in India","volume":"26","author":"Mathen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X06295361","article-title":"Decision curve analysis: a novel method for evaluating prediction models","volume":"26","author":"Vickers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors","volume":"15","author":"Harrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1466-7","article-title":"Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics","volume":"17","author":"Van Calster","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ajrccm\/aamag302","article-title":"Noninvasive respiratory support for adult patients with acute respiratory failure. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","author":"Goel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038_bb0130","first-page":"239","article-title":"Boarding in the emergency department: challenges and mitigation strategies","volume":"30","author":"da Silva Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675726004341?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0735675726004341?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:39:00Z","timestamp":1790537940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0735675726004341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S0735675726004341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-6757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-6757","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prospective validation of HACOR score for HFNO failure in emergency department patients with acute respiratory failure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2026.08.038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}