{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:59:19Z","timestamp":1783414759251,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":190,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009108","name":"Shandong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010029","name":"Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010029","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82373686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010040","name":"Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Human Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T07:48:00Z","timestamp":1752565680000},"page":"1962-1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficient Mendelian randomization analysis with self-adaptive determination of sample structure and multiple pleiotropic effects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Liye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiadong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuzhong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongshang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Lawlor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000222409.00878.37","article-title":"Instruments for causal inference -: An epidemiologist's dream?","volume":"17","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.05.015","article-title":"Statistical methods for Mendelian randomization in genome-wide association studies: A review","volume":"20","author":"Boehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040501","article-title":"Mendelian Randomization: Concepts and Scope","volume":"12","author":"Richmond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.05.014","article-title":"Constrained maximum likelihood-based Mendelian randomization robust to both correlated and uncorrelated pleiotropic effects","volume":"108","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222362","article-title":"Robust methods in Mendelian randomization via penalization of heterogeneous causal estimates","volume":"14","author":"Rees","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","article-title":"Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption","volume":"46","author":"Hartwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib11","article-title":"Robust instrumental variable methods using multiple candidate instruments with application to Mendelian randomization","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221","article-title":"A framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization","volume":"36","author":"Bowden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1214\/19-AOS1866","article-title":"Statistical inference in two-sample summary-data Mendelian randomization using robust adjusted profile score","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0631-4","article-title":"Mendelian randomization accounting for correlated and uncorrelated pleiotropic effects using genome-wide summary statistics","volume":"52","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26970-w","article-title":"Simultaneous estimation of bi-directional causal effects and heritable confounding from GWAS summary statistics","volume":"12","author":"Darrous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17668-6","article-title":"Testing and controlling for horizontal pleiotropy with probabilistic Mendelian randomization in transcriptome-wide association studies","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl5744","article-title":"Likelihood-based Mendelian randomization analysis with automated instrument selection and horizontal pleiotropic modeling","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09432-2","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis using mixture models for robust and efficient estimation of causal effects","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","article-title":"Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2","article-title":"Population stratification and spurious allelic association","volume":"361","author":"Cardon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106858119","article-title":"Mendelian randomization for causal inference accounting for pleiotropy and sample structure using genome-wide summary statistics","volume":"119","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211","article-title":"LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies","volume":"47","author":"Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02118-0","article-title":"Family-based genome-wide association study designs for increased power and robustness","volume":"57","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01085-0","article-title":"Mendelian imputation of parental genotypes improves estimates of direct genetic effects","volume":"54","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2876","article-title":"Advantages and pitfalls in the application of mixed-model association methods","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39725","article-title":"Reduced signal for polygenic adaptation of height in UK Biobank","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0127-1","article-title":"Benefits and limitations of genome-wide association studies","volume":"20","author":"Tam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34164-1","article-title":"Mendelian randomization accounting for complex correlated horizontal pleiotropy while elucidating shared genetic etiology","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa985","article-title":"An iterative approach to detect pleiotropy and perform Mendelian Randomization analysis using GWAS summary statistics","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib32","article-title":"MRBEE: A bias-corrected multivariable Mendelian randomization method","volume":"5","author":"Lorincz-Comi","year":"2024","journal-title":"HGG Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22522","article-title":"Bias correction for inverse variance weighting Mendelian randomization","volume":"47","author":"Mounier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a039586","article-title":"Polygenic Mendelian Randomization","volume":"11","author":"Dudbridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0308-256b","article-title":"1000 Genomes project","volume":"26","author":"Siva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab646","article-title":"MR-Corr2: a two-sample Mendelian randomization method that accounts for correlated horizontal pleiotropy using correlated instrumental variants","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","article-title":"An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits","volume":"47","author":"Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib38","article-title":"Expectation of the intercept from bivariate LD score regression in the presence of population stratification","author":"Yengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2310","article-title":"Genome-wide efficient mixed-model analysis for association studies","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","article-title":"The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data","volume":"562","author":"Bycroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa262","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of methods for Mendelian randomization using realistic simulations and an analysis of 38 biomarkers for risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011391","article-title":"MR-SPLIT: A novel method to address selection and weak instrument bias in one-sample Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15555.1","article-title":"Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023","volume":"4","author":"Burgess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2018.06.007","article-title":"Aerobic training reduces blood pressure and waist circumference and increases HDL-c in metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Lemes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2018-0317","article-title":"Effect of Strength Training on Lipid and Inflammatory Outcomes: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression","volume":"16","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320925625","article-title":"Leisure time physical activity is associated with improved HDL functionality in high cardiovascular risk individuals: a cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Hernaez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.005890","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Improves Impaired Fatty Acid Oxidation Via the Activation of Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase-\u0251 - Proliferator-Activated Receptor-r Coactivator-1\u0251 Signaling in Skeletal Muscle of Mice With Heart Failure","volume":"14","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01610-x","article-title":"Factors Influencing AMPK Activation During Cycling Exercise: A Pooled Analysis and Meta-Regression","volume":"52","author":"Rothschild","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.116","article-title":"AMPK: a key regulator of energy balance in the single cell and the whole organism","volume":"32","author":"Hardie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2008.09.007","article-title":"AMPK: a metabolic gauge regulating whole-body energy homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Lage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.05.032","article-title":"AMPK: Mechanisms of Cellular Energy Sensing and Restoration of Metabolic Balance","volume":"66","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib52","first-page":"31","article-title":"BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF LIVER X RECEPTORS","volume":"59","author":"Baranowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000051527","article-title":"Causes of oxidative stress in the pre- and perinatal period","volume":"81","author":"Gitto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib54","first-page":"151","article-title":"Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Lipids and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"4","author":"Pasupathi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00664-X","article-title":"Smoking is associated with increased hepatic lipase activity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and early atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes","volume":"156","author":"Kong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0418","article-title":"Novel and Reversible Mechanisms of Smoking-Induced Insulin Resistance in Humans","volume":"61","author":"Bergman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S196210","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006869","article-title":"Detecting epistasis with the marginal epistasis test in genetic mapping studies of quantitative traits","volume":"13","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010205","article-title":"Robust inference of bi-directional causal relationships in presence of correlated pleiotropy with GWAS summary data","volume":"18","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib60","article-title":"Discovery and inference of possibly bi-directional causal relationships with invalid instrumental variables","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkae101","article-title":"A focusing framework for testing bi-directional causal effects in Mendelian randomization","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.12.006","article-title":"Multi-trait transcriptome-wide association studies with probabilistic Mendelian randomization","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01645-y","article-title":"Conditional transcriptome-wide association study for fine-mapping candidate causal genes","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkae024","article-title":"GENIUS-MAWII: for robust Mendelian randomization with many weak invalid instruments","volume":"86","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae086","article-title":"MRSL: a causal network pruning algorithm based on GWAS summary data","volume":"25","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib66","article-title":"Inferring genetic variant causal network by leveraging pleiotropy","author":"Tournaire","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802231181220","article-title":"Two-stage multivariate Mendelian randomization on multiple outcomes with mixed distributions","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2023.06.005","article-title":"Multi-response Mendelian randomization: Identification of shared and distinct exposures for multimorbidity and multiple related disease outcomes","volume":"110","author":"Zuber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010762","article-title":"Combining Mendelian randomization and network deconvolution for inference of causal networks with GWAS summary data","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Human Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002929725002332?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002929725002332?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:57:45Z","timestamp":1783025865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002929725002332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002929725002332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9297","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficient Mendelian randomization analysis with self-adaptive determination of sample structure and multiple pleiotropic effects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Human Genetics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}