{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:29:07Z","timestamp":1791217747443,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,21]],"date-time":"2006-07-21T14:20:53Z","timestamp":1153491653000},"page":"S3-S10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":348,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Fred C.","family":"Tenover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5073.1073","article-title":"The origin of plagues: old and new","volume":"257","author":"Krause","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.10.001","article-title":"National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004","volume":"32","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010204","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1086\/520192","article-title":"Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a 3-year analysis","volume":"29","author":"Edmond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(02)00390-5","article-title":"Geographic variations in activity of broad-spectrum beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: summary of the worldwide SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997\u20132000)","volume":"43","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.5.1681-1688.2003","article-title":"Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 1998 to 2001","volume":"47","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1086\/647870","article-title":"Spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why did it happen in the United States?","volume":"19","author":"Martone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.760-766.2005","article-title":"Bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli: risk factors for mortality and impact of inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy on outcome","volume":"49","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.146","article-title":"The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting","volume":"118","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.275-280.2004","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania","volume":"48","author":"Tenover","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1106.050156","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in rural communities, Western United States","volume":"11","author":"Stevenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1086\/421094","article-title":"Population-based laboratory surveillance for Escherichia coli-producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: importance of community isolates with blaCTX-M genes","volume":"38","author":"Pitout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh424","article-title":"Community and hospital spread of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the UK","volume":"54","author":"Woodford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1086\/427148","article-title":"Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes","volume":"40","author":"Francis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.8.593","article-title":"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk","volume":"279","author":"Herold","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010228","article-title":"Economic impact of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"7","author":"McGowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5073.1064","article-title":"The crisis in antibiotic resistance","volume":"257","author":"Neu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/54.12.1420","article-title":"Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents","volume":"54","author":"McManus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib19","first-page":"377","article-title":"DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones","volume":"61","author":"Drlica","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib20","series-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Antibacterial agents","author":"Yao","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib21","series-title":"Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Antimicrobial agents: sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones, and agents for urinary tract infections","author":"Petri","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.46.070177.003451","article-title":"Polymyxin and related peptide antibiotics","volume":"46","author":"Storm","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1086\/383472","article-title":"Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens","volume":"38","author":"Carpenter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki122","article-title":"Diversity among 2481 Escherichia coli from women with community-acquired lower urinary tract infections in 17 countries","volume":"55","author":"Landgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.8.2540-2545.2002","article-title":"Trends in antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract infection isolates of Escherichia coli from female outpatients in the United States","volume":"46","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib26","first-page":"1436","article-title":"Risk factors for resistance to \u201cfirst-line\u201d antimicrobials among urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli in children","volume":"160","author":"Allen","year":"1999","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363040-00002","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae: considerations for diagnosis, prevention and drug treatment","volume":"63","author":"Rupp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat","volume":"14","author":"Bradford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki117","article-title":"In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the 2003 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART)","volume":"55","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.3.647","article-title":"Evolution of extended-spectrum beta-lactam resistance (SHV-8) in a strain of Escherichia coli during multiple episodes of bacteremia","volume":"41","author":"Rasheed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02706-7","article-title":"Cefoxitin resistance mediated by loss of a porin in clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli","volume":"23","author":"Ananthan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0910.030093","article-title":"Cephamycin resistance in clinical isolates and laboratory-derived strains of Escherichia coli, Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"9","author":"Clarke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.12.3829-3836.2002","article-title":"Mechanisms of decreased susceptibility to cefpodoxime in Escherichia coli","volume":"46","author":"Oliver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.9.2534-2536.2000","article-title":"Activities of imipenem and cephalosporins against clonally related strains of Escherichia coli hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase and showing altered porin profiles","volume":"44","author":"Martinez-Martinez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.20.4.549","article-title":"Mutants of Escherichia coli that are resistant to certain beta-lactam compounds lack the ompF porin","volume":"20","author":"Harder","year":"1981","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.1.135","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility","volume":"40","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1086\/317542","article-title":"Vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus: what the infectious disease specialist needs to know","volume":"32","author":"Fridkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.2.199","article-title":"Activated cell-wall synthesis is associated with vancomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains Mu3 and Mu50","volume":"42","author":"Hanaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.9.2276-2285.2000","article-title":"Contribution of a thickened cell wall and its glutamine nonamidated component to the vancomycin resistance expressed by Staphylococcus aureus Mu50","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05089.x","article-title":"Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"93","author":"Noble","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib41","first-page":"565","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin\u2014United States, 2002","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025025","article-title":"Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene","volume":"348","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090956","article-title":"Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"302","author":"Weigel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4289-4294.2002","article-title":"Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community","volume":"40","author":"Okuma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309593200","article-title":"High level oxacillin and vancomycin resistance and altered cell wall composition in Staphylococcus aureus carrying the staphylococcal mecA and the enterococcal vanA gene complex","volume":"279","author":"Severin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4281","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4281-4285.2004","article-title":"Heterologous expression of the enterococcal vanA operon in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"48","author":"Perichon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1086\/426188","article-title":"Stable antimicrobial susceptibility rates for clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the 2001-2003 Tracking Resistance in the United States Today Surveillance studies","volume":"40","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib48","first-page":"48","article-title":"Efflux as a mechanism of resistance to antimicrobials in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria: unanswered questions","volume":"2","author":"Schweizer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026013395605","article-title":"Multidrug efflux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: components, mechanisms, and clinical significance","volume":"1","author":"Poole","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655306008364?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655306008364?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T05:28:48Z","timestamp":1759296528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655306008364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655306008364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.219","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. and Elsevier, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}