{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:22:11Z","timestamp":1791390131635,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,28]],"date-time":"2015-05-28T23:14:23Z","timestamp":1432854863000},"page":"826-832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Identifying the psychological determinants of handwashing: Results from two cross-sectional questionnaire studies in Haiti and Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Nadja","family":"Contzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Mosler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis","volume":"375","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib2","series-title":"Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: A practical guide","author":"Wisner","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq035","article-title":"Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea","volume":"39","author":"Cairncross","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.124610","article-title":"Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Aiello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.04.004","article-title":"Predicting hand hygiene among Iranian health care workers using the theory of planned behavior","volume":"40","author":"McLaws","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib6","series-title":"WASH visual aids library","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70224-3","article-title":"Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons","volume":"11","author":"Curtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib8","first-page":"73","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of hygiene among school children in Angolela, Ethiopia","volume":"51","author":"Vivas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02373.x","article-title":"The effect of a soap promotion and hygiene education campaign on handwashing behaviour in rural India: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"14","author":"Biran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.10.038","article-title":"Three kinds of psychological determinants for hand-washing behaviour in Kenya","volume":"70","author":"Aunger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib11","series-title":"Learning Note","article-title":"Behavioral determinants of handwashing with soap among mothers and caretakers: emergent learning from Senegal and Peru","author":"Devine","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-96","article-title":"Hand hygiene compliance and associated factors among health care providers in Gondar\u00a0University Hospital, Gondar, North West Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Abdella","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.08.018","article-title":"Investigating Jordanian nurses\u2019 handwashing beliefs, attitudes, and compliance","volume":"40","author":"Darawad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib14","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic approach to behavior change interventions for the water and sanitation sector in developing countries: a conceptual model, a review, and a guideline","author":"Mosler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib15","first-page":"175","article-title":"Historical origins of the health belief model","volume":"15","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1974","journal-title":"Health Educ Monogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib16","series-title":"Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: an introduction to theory and research","author":"Fishbein","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198104263660","article-title":"Health promotion by social cognitive means","volume":"31","author":"Bandura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling health behavior change: how to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors","volume":"57","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Psychol-Int Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-545","article-title":"Observed hand cleanliness and other measures of handwashing behavior in rural Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Halder","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0142","article-title":"Using child health outcomes to identify effective measures of handwashing","volume":"85","author":"Luby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib21","first-page":"7","article-title":"Association of water storage and handwashing with death due to diarrhoea among children <5 years in Bangladesh","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Sci Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib22","series-title":"Developments in Applied Statistics","first-page":"205","article-title":"New sampling designs and the quality of data","author":"Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of different promotional channels on handwashing behaviour in an emergency context: Haiti post-earthquake public health promotions and cholera response","author":"Contzen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhp007","article-title":"Dollar a day revisited","volume":"23","author":"Ravallion","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Bank Econ Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-417","article-title":"Predicting water consumption habits for seven arsenic-safe water options in Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Inauen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib27","first-page":"269","article-title":"Determinants of exclusive consumption of fluoride-free water: a cross-sectional household study in rural Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"Huber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028087","article-title":"Testing the significance of a correlation with nonnormal data: Comparison of Pearson, Spearman, transformation, and resampling approaches","volume":"17","author":"Bishara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A\u00a0power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib30","series-title":"Predicting health behaviour","first-page":"81","article-title":"Protection motivation theory","author":"Norman","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib31","series-title":"Planning health promotion programs: An intervention mapping approach","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.01.013","article-title":"Can the emotion of disgust be harnessed to promote hand hygiene? Experimental and field-based tests","volume":"68","author":"Porzig-Drummond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.164160","article-title":"Experimental pretesting of hand-washing interventions in a natural setting","volume":"99","author":"Judah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1015","article-title":"The integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation, and hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings","volume":"13","author":"Dreibelbis","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655315004290?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655315004290?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T05:43:44Z","timestamp":1759297424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655315004290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655315004290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identifying the psychological determinants of handwashing: Results from two cross-sectional questionnaire studies in Haiti and Ethiopia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.04.186","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}