{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:05:28Z","timestamp":1780927528157,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T13:01:44Z","timestamp":1492520504000},"page":"1024-1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Epidemiology of device-associated infections in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Nepal: A prospective surveillance study from a developing country"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayan Prasad","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhash Prasad","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Dahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya Prasad","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari Prasad","family":"Kattel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basista Prasad","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat Mani","family":"Pokhrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530080055041","article-title":"The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee","volume":"274","author":"Vincent","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0015","first-page":"66","article-title":"Nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Maki","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-1-47","article-title":"The rising problem of antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit","volume":"1","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.93755","article-title":"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium findings of device-associated infections rate in an intensive care unit of a Lebanese University Hospital","volume":"4","author":"Kanj","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.09.002","article-title":"National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report, data summary for 2012, device-associated module","volume":"41","author":"Dudeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.12.010","article-title":"Device-associated nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units at Cairo University hospitals: first step toward initiating surveillance programs in a resource-limited country","volume":"40","author":"El-Kholy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2005.016576","article-title":"Decline in ICU adverse events, nosocomial infections and cost through a quality improvement initiative focusing on teamwork and culture change","volume":"15","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1086\/666342","article-title":"Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC), part II: impact of a multidimensional strategy to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care units in 10 developing countries","volume":"33","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.07.008","article-title":"Device-associated nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units of seven Indian cities. Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)","volume":"67","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.126785","article-title":"Health-care-associated infections: risk factors and epidemiology from an intensive care unit in Northern India","volume":"58","author":"Datta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.71830","article-title":"Surveillance of device-associated infections at a teaching hospital in rural Gujarat\u2014India","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.003","article-title":"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary for 2002-2007, issued January 2008","volume":"36","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0070","series-title":"Clinical microbiology procedure handbook","first-page":"2","author":"Isenberg","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002","article-title":"CDC\/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting","volume":"36","author":"Horan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1086\/650482","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"50","author":"Hooton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(91)90157-8","article-title":"National nosocomial infections surveillance system (NNIS): description of surveillance methods","volume":"19","author":"Emori","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61458-4","article-title":"Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 6:O16","key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0100","article-title":"Device associated nosocomial infections in a medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, India","volume":"5","author":"Sood","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00007","article-title":"Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries","volume":"145","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.276","article-title":"Device-associated infection rates in 20 cities of India, data summary for 2004-2013: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium","volume":"37","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.11.014","article-title":"National Healthcare Safety Network report, data summary for 2013, device-associated module","volume":"43","author":"Dudeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.63.95","article-title":"The rate of device-associated nosocomial infections in a medical surgical intensive care unit of a training and research hospital in Turkey: one-year outcomes","volume":"63","author":"Dogru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.10.012","article-title":"Surveillance of device-associated infections in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital","volume":"95","author":"Rizwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.010","article-title":"Multicenter study of device-associated infection rates in hospitals of Mongolia: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)","volume":"44","author":"Ider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.02.001","article-title":"Device-associated infection rates in adult intensive care units of Cuban university hospitals: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings","volume":"15","author":"Guanche-Garcell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892008000900006","article-title":"Device-associated infection rates in intensive care units of Brazilian hospitals: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium","volume":"24","author":"Salomao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904124","article-title":"Hospital-acquired infections due to gram-negative bacteria","volume":"362","author":"Peleg","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1261","article-title":"Intravascular catheter-related infections in an Indian tertiary care hospital","volume":"5","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3396\/ijic.v9i2.013.13","article-title":"Catheter related bloodstream infections in ICU: a study from North India","volume":"9","author":"Gahlot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infection Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.03.1255","article-title":"Burkholderia cepacia nosocomial infections in a tertiary hospital in western India\u2014a six month surveillance","volume":"21","author":"Mankad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0165","first-page":"273","article-title":"Nosocomial Burkholderia cepacia infections in a Turkish university hospital: a five-year surveillance","volume":"3","author":"Dizbay","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2013324","article-title":"Surveillance of device-associated infection rates and mortality in 3 Greek intensive care units","volume":"22","author":"Apostolopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.031","article-title":"Device-associated infection rates, bacterial resistance, length of stay, and mortality in Kuwait: International Nosocomial Infection Consortium findings","volume":"44","author":"Al-Mousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.04.028","article-title":"Device-associated infection rates and bacterial resistance in six academic teaching hospitals of Iran: findings from the International Nocosomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)","volume":"8","author":"Jahani-Sherafat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0464-3","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of device-associated infections and associated mortality at the intensive care in the Dutch surveillance system","volume":"33","author":"van der Kooi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0190","first-page":"638","article-title":"Risk of mortality due to device associated infection","volume":"93","author":"Bouafia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-010-0007-2","article-title":"Device-associated infections in the intensive care units of Cyprus: results of the first national incidence study","volume":"38","author":"Gikas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113990","article-title":"The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals","volume":"121","author":"Haley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655317301967?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655317301967?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T15:56:54Z","timestamp":1658937414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655317301967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655317301967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidemiology of device-associated infections in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Nepal: A prospective surveillance study from a developing country","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.040","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}