{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:12:29Z","timestamp":1759335149511,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T11:27:14Z","timestamp":1660303634000},"page":"498-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk factors for COVID-19 virus infection among health workers: A case-control study in the Bono East Region of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Mireku","family":"Opoku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwaku Poku","family":"Asante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephaney","family":"Gyaase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel A.A.","family":"Teviu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kingsley","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Twum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwabena Fosuhene","family":"Kusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred Kwadwo","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Adomako-Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0001","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Published 2021. Accessed October 28, 2021. covid19.who.int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.148","article-title":"COVID-19: protecting healthcare workers is a priority","author":"Chirico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.113","article-title":"COVID-19 in health care workers \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.064","article-title":"Healthcare worker infections and deaths due to COVID-19: a survey from 37 nations and a call for WHO to post national data on their website","volume":"102","author":"Erdem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0005","unstructured":"WHO. Over 10 000 health workers in Africa infected with COVID-19. WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Published July 2020. Accessed September 6, 2020. afro.who.int\/news\/over-10-000-health-workers-africa-infected-covid-19"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sociodemographic risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among Massachusetts healthcare workers: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2020.06.001","article-title":"COVID-19 risk factors among health workers: a rapid review","volume":"11","author":"Mhango","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134881","article-title":"COVID-19 among Health Workers in Germany and Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Nienhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248282","article-title":"Infection prevention and control compliance among exposed healthcare workers in COVID-19 treatment centers in Ghana: a descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Ashinyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044618","article-title":"Risk factors for COVID-19 infection, disease severity and related deaths in Africa: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Gesesew","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0011","unstructured":"PHCPI. Utilizing Primary Health Care for COVID-19 Testing and Contact Tracing in Ghana: COVID-19 Promising Practices [Interview]. Published online 2020. Accessed September 16, 2022. https:\/\/improvingphc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Ghana_Testing%20and%20contact%20tracing.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0012","series-title":"Standard Treatment Guidelines","first-page":"7","article-title":"Provisional Standard Treatment Guidelines for Novel Coronavirus Infection COVID - 19 Guidelines for Ghana","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0013","unstructured":"WHO. Assessment of risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in health workers: protocol for a case-control study. Published online 2020. Accessed September 16, 2022. All of the WHO. https:who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/technical-guidance\/early-investigations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2748-9","article-title":"Knowledge of standard precautions and barriers to compliance among healthcare workers in the Lower Manya Krobo District, Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Akagbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0015","unstructured":"ODK Inc. KoBoCollect; 2020. Accessed September 16, 2022. https:\/\/docs.opendatakit.org\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827617745479","article-title":"Advocating for behavior change with education","volume":"12","author":"Arlinghaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2021.06.014","article-title":"Hand hygiene compliance of healthcare workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"49","author":"Stangerup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.03.004","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak and healthcare worker behavioural change toward hand hygiene practices","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0019","article-title":"A study on personal protective equipment use among health care providers, Tamil Nadu","author":"Archana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Commun Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4619214","article-title":"Assessment of health workers\u2019 knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and use of personal protective equipment for prevention of COVID-19 infection in low-resource settings","volume":"2020","author":"Alao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Public Health"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008_bib0021","first-page":"43","article-title":"Fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana: a report from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi","volume":"37","author":"Ayisi-Boateng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655322006058?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655322006058?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T06:34:24Z","timestamp":1759300464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655322006058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655322006058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0196-6553"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk factors for COVID-19 virus infection among health workers: A case-control study in the Bono East Region of Ghana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}