{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:24:58Z","timestamp":1793481898378,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/K503848\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/K503848\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R511808\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R511808\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000741","name":"University of Warwick","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T21:52:25Z","timestamp":1678830745000},"page":"1175-1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The use of smart environments and robots for infection prevention control: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Piaggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Zarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Pagliara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Andellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-4423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Almuhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Maccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Pecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0001","series-title":"WHO COVID-19 Dashboard","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"daac105","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daac105","article-title":"COVID-19 preparedness and social dynamics in a Sub-Saharan Africa country, Benin","volume":"37","author":"Maccaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Prom Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868954","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.868954","article-title":"COVID-19 autopsies reveal underreporting of SARS-CoV-2 infection and scarcity of Co-infections","volume":"9","author":"Schwab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.05.015","article-title":"Evaluating the massive underreporting and undertesting of COVID-19 cases in multiple global epicenters","volume":"27","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-020-00429-2","article-title":"The inadequacy of regulatory frameworks in time of crisis and in low-resource settings: personal protective equipment and COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Pecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0006","first-page":"222","article-title":"Contact tracing: old models and new challenges","volume":"6","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01585-9","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"400","author":"Sachs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0008","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Responds to The Lancet COVID-19 Commission. World Health Organization. Accessed November 3, 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/15-09-2022-who-responds-to-the-lancet-covid-19-commission."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0009","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control in the context of coronavirus disease (\u200eCOVID-19)\u200e: a living guideline, 25 April 2022: updated chapter: mask use, part 1: health care settings. Accessed April 13, 2023. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/353565"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0010","article-title":"Industry 4.0 and health: internet of things, big data, and cloud computing for healthcare 4.0","volume":"18","author":"Aceto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J IndustInformat Integration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0011","unstructured":"ODIN. \u201cOdin, Smart Hospitals.\u201d ODIN. Accessed November 3, 2022 https:\/\/odin-smarthospitals.eu\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0012","first-page":"790","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"74","author":"Yepes-Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Espan Cardiol (English ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0013","unstructured":"WHO. Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Long-Term Care Facilities in the Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 8 January 2021. World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221","article-title":"The mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0015","first-page":"v1","volume":"92","author":"Jennie","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0016","unstructured":"A. Booth, A. Sutton, M. Clowes, and M. Martyn-St James, \u201cSystematic approaches to a successful literature review,\u201d 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.12.009","article-title":"Influence of the internet of things management system on hand hygiene compliance in an emergency intensive care unit","volume":"109","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.12.015","article-title":"An automated hand hygiene compliance system is associated with improved monitoring of hand hygiene","volume":"45","author":"McCalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.05.017","article-title":"An automated hand hygiene compliance system is associated with decreased rates of health care-associated infections","volume":"46","author":"McCalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.03.033","article-title":"Implementing an electronic hand hygiene monitoring system: lessons learned from community hospitals","volume":"45","author":"Edmisten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.02.002","article-title":"Evaluation of hand hygiene compliance and associated factors with a radio-frequency-identification-based real-time continuous automated monitoring system","volume":"95","author":"Dufour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.09.003","article-title":"Clinical experiences with a new system for automated hand hygiene monitoring: A prospective observational study","volume":"48","author":"Iversen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0023","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Implementing an electronic hand hygiene system improved compliance in the intensive care unit","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J InfectControl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.01.017","article-title":"Hand hygiene behaviours monitored by an electronic system in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study","volume":"123","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.14156","article-title":"Reduction of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit using an electronic hand hygiene compliance monitoring system","volume":"15","author":"Gulsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jf Infect Dev Countries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.08.015","article-title":"Three-year hand hygiene monitoring and impact of real-time reminders on compliance","volume":"117","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.020","article-title":"Adoption of electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems in NYS hospitals and the impact on hospital-acquired C. difficile infection rates","volume":"48","author":"Durant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J infect Contr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.06.031","article-title":"Implementation and evaluation of an automated surveillance system to detect hospital outbreak","volume":"45","author":"Stachel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Contr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06771-8","article-title":"Implementation of an automated cluster alert system into the routine work of infection control and hospital epidemiology: experiences from a tertiary care university hospital","volume":"21","author":"Aghdassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063533","article-title":"A fuzzy inference system for the assessment of indoor air quality in an operating room to prevent surgical site infection","volume":"19","author":"Colella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence for personal protective equipment guidance for healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond","volume":"46","author":"Preda","year":"2022","journal-title":"CommunDis Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0032","article-title":"A PDCA model for disinfection supply rooms in the context of artificial intelligence to reduce the incidence of adverse events and improve the disinfection compliance rate","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHealthcare Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113819","article-title":"Robotics utilization for healthcare digitization in global COVID-19 management","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1973.0303","article-title":"An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a Fuzzy Logic Controller","volume":"51","author":"Mamdani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Human-Computer Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.3.227","article-title":"Confounding and confounders","volume":"60","author":"McNamee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occupat EnvironMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1214\/12-AOS1058","article-title":"On the definition of a confounder","volume":"41","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20165254","article-title":"Sampling: how to select participants in my research study?","volume":"91","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mesa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anais Brasil Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0038","series-title":"International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","first-page":"68","article-title":"The adoption of mobile technologies in healthcare: the perceptions of healthcare professionals regarding knowledge management practices in developing countries","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90225","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992341","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of IoT, drones, AI, blockchain, and 5G in managing its impact","volume":"8","author":"Chamola","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.06.014","article-title":"Moving beyond hand hygiene monitoring as a marker of infection prevention performance: development of a tailored infection control continuous quality improvement tool","volume":"48","author":"Jeanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038067","article-title":"The impact of time at work and time off from work on rule compliance: the case of hand hygiene in health care","volume":"100","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0042","unstructured":"H. University. \u201c6-year Degree Course in Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Entirely Taught in English, run by Humanitas University in Partnership With Politecnico di Milano.\u201d Accessed November 3, 2022. https:\/\/www.hunimed.eu\/course\/medtec-school\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0043","unstructured":"U. o. Pavia. \u201cNasce Meet: Grazie All'incontro Di Quattro Prestigiosi Atenei, Una Formazione Medica All'altezza Delle Nuove Tecnologie.\u201d Accessed November 3, 2022. http:\/\/news.unipv.it\/?p=45400."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0044","first-page":"1","article-title":"A framework for designing medical devices resilient to low-resource settings","volume":"17","author":"Piaggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-020-00546-3","article-title":"A framework for assessing healthcare facilities in low-resource settings: field studies in Benin and Uganda","volume":"40","author":"Di Pietro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Biol Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005_bib0046","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the universality of medical device regulations: the case of Benin","volume":"22","author":"Maccaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Ser Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655323001098?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655323001098?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T06:35:32Z","timestamp":1759300532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655323001098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655323001098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The use of smart environments and robots for infection prevention control: A systematic literature review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.03.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}