{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T14:56:05Z","timestamp":1781362565722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T11:08:36Z","timestamp":1681902516000},"page":"1089-1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing the impact of the early COVID-19 era on antibiotic-resistant threats in inpatient settings: A mixed Poisson regression approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Bloch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rhea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820973356","article-title":"Disproportionate impact of COVID-19 pandemic on racial and ethnic minorities","volume":"86","author":"Boserup","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U. S.)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.209","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hospital acquired infection rates in the United States: predictions and early results","volume":"48","author":"McMullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.018","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Langford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib5","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on healthcare-associated infections","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq146","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1371","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection hospitalizations in the United States: insights from the 2017 national inpatient sample","volume":"14","author":"Solanki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1086\/677827","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare-associated infections in the United States, 2009...2011","volume":"35","author":"Bakullari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01201-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: a call to action to prevent the next epidemic of inequality","volume":"27","author":"Nadimpalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.12","article-title":"Hospital-Onset MRSA Bacteremia Rates Are Significantly Correlated With Sociodemographic Factors: A Step Toward Risk Adjustment","volume":"39","author":"Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy277","article-title":"Racial Disparities in Invasive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, 2005...2014","volume":"67","author":"Gualandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib12","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus hospitalizations: national inpatient sample, 2016...2019","volume":"9","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib13","unstructured":"Surveillance for Healthcare Associated and Resistant Pathogens Patient Safety (SHARPPS) Program. Healthcare-Associated Infections in North Carolina 2020. Reporting January 1, 2020-December 31, 2020. N.C. Communicable Disease Branch, N.C. Division of Public Health, N.C. Department of Health and Human Services; 2021:72. Accessed July 21, 2022. https:\/\/epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov\/cd\/hai\/figures.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance, Special Report 2022. Accessed September 7, 2023. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/117915."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271755","article-title":"Rural-urban outcome differences associated with COVID-19 hospitalizations in North Carolina","volume":"17","author":"Denslow","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib16","unstructured":"HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Agency for healthcare research and quality, Rockville, MD. 2017...2020. Accessed July 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/db\/state\/siddbdocumentation.jsp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib17","unstructured":"HCUP Elixhauser Comorbidity Software Refined for ICD-10-CM, v2021.1. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Accessed July 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/comorbidityicd10\/comorbidity_icd10.jsp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib18","unstructured":"North Carolina Office of the Governor. North Carolina Identifies First Case of COVID-19. Accessed June 10, 2022. https:\/\/governor.nc.gov\/news\/north-carolina-identifies-first-case-covid-19."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib19","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package ..\u00a0dagitty...","volume":"45","author":"Textor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ576","article-title":"Gender differences in rates of carriage and bloodstream infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: are they real, do they matter and why?","volume":"61","author":"Humphreys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib22","article-title":"A comparative analysis of in-hospital mortality per disease groups in Germany before and during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2016 to 2020","volume":"5","author":"K..nig","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199209000-00012","article-title":"Confidence interval estimation of interaction","volume":"3","author":"Hosmer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2013-0005","article-title":"A tutorial on interaction","volume":"3","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.362","article-title":"The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on healthcare-associated infections in 2020: a summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network","volume":"43","author":"Weiner-Lastinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00980","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Birkmeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib27","unstructured":"N.C. Department of Health and Human Services. NCDHHS_COVID-19_Cases_&_Cases_Demographics. Tableau Software. Accessed October 14, 2022. https:\/\/covid19.ncdhhs.gov\/dashboard\/cases-and-deaths."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102484","article-title":"The burden of Clostridioides difficile infection in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Granata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib29","first-page":"55","article-title":"Confounding and effect modification: distribution and measure","volume":"1","author":"Vander Weele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac105","article-title":"Social vulnerability and rurality associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced seroprevalence: a nationwide blood donor study, United States, July 2020...June 2021","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.01.075","article-title":"Mortality, health care use, and costs of Clostridioides difficile infections in older adults","volume":"23","author":"Feuerstadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.43","article-title":"The cost...benefit of federal investment in preventing Clostridium difficile infections through the use of a multifaceted infection control and antimicrobial stewardship program","volume":"36","author":"Slayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.72","article-title":"Trends in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections using statewide population-based surveillance and hospital discharge data, Connecticut, 2010-2018","volume":"41","author":"Rose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02223-y","article-title":"Effect of clinical versus administrative data definitions on the epidemiology of C. difficile among hospitalized individuals with IBD: a population-based cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Shaffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655323003152?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655323003152?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T06:34:59Z","timestamp":1759300499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655323003152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655323003152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing the impact of the early COVID-19 era on antibiotic-resistant threats in inpatient settings: A mixed Poisson regression approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.04.159","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}