{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T09:01:23Z","timestamp":1780822883423,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T16:23:53Z","timestamp":1761668633000},"page":"325-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying sterilization practice gaps at five early implementation hospitals in Cambodia: An observational study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virya","family":"Koy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3608-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunida","family":"Preechawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daravy","family":"Ear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sano","family":"Phal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srun","family":"Sok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8862-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John CS","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-Associated Infection Worldwide. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61458-4","article-title":"Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib3","first-page":"116983","article-title":"Tackling the issue of healthcare associated infections through point-of-care devices","volume":"161","author":"Canciu","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends\u00a0Anal\u00a0Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt005","article-title":"The value of intermittent point-prevalence surveys of healthcare-associated infections fo evaluating infection control interventions at Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, cambodia","volume":"107","author":"Stoesser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.09.007","article-title":"Active prospective surveillance study with post-discharge surveillance of surgical site infections in Cambodia","volume":"8","author":"Guerra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib6","first-page":"1690","article-title":"The burden of healthcare-associated infections in Southeast Asia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Ling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin\u00a0Infect\u00a0Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib7","first-page":"231","article-title":"Surgical site infections linked to contaminated surgical instruments","volume":"81","author":"Dancer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib8","series-title":"Decontamination and Reprocessing of Medical Devices for Health-Care Facilities","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases10040081","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of surgical instruments used at the Surgery Department of a Major Teaching Hospital in a resource-limited country: an observational study","volume":"10","author":"Owusu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5958","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115958","article-title":"Colonization and infection of indwelling medical devices by Staphylococcus aureus with an emphasis on orthopedic implants","volume":"23","author":"Pietrocola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1993.0022","article-title":"Cleaning, sterilization and disinfection: basics of microbial killing for infection control","volume":"124","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177420947468","article-title":"Sterile processing in low- and middle-income countries: an integrative review","volume":"22","author":"Cuncannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000428","article-title":"Limited sterile processing capabilities for safe surgery in low-income and middle-income countries: experience in the Republic of Congo, Madagascar and Benin","volume":"2","author":"Fast","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.06.025","article-title":"Sterile reprocessing of surgical instruments in low- and middle-income countries: a multicenter pilot study","volume":"43","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib15","article-title":"Improving sterile processing practices in Cambodian healthcare facilities","volume":"2","author":"Fast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Prev Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib16","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Cambodia. Cambodian Hospital Accreditation Standards Manual. Phnom Penh, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/JHL.S289176","article-title":"Where do models for change management, improvement and implementation meet? A systematic review of the applications of change management models in healthcare","volume":"13","author":"Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Healthc Leadersh"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib18","first-page":"59","article-title":"Leading change\u2014why transformation efforts fail by JP Kotter","volume":"73","author":"Kotter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Harv Bus Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/NCQ.0000000000000212","article-title":"Using Kotter\u2019s change model for implementing bedside handoff","volume":"31","author":"Small","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nurs Care Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177416687829","article-title":"A change management approach to improving safety and preventing needle stick injuries","volume":"18","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/leader-2020-000379","article-title":"Kotter\u2019s 8 stages of change: implementation of clinical screening protocols for assessing patients for COVID-19-a review of an academic medical centre\u2019s preparedness","volume":"6","author":"Ravi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Leader"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773813485088","article-title":"Improving heart failure disease management in skilled nursing facilities: lessons learned","volume":"22","author":"Dolansky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12584","article-title":"Implementing team huddles in small rural hospitals: How does the Kotter model of change apply?","volume":"26","author":"Baloh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib24","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Western Pacific Regional Office. Making Hospitals Safe: Sterilization Services. Manila, April 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib25","unstructured":"Roberts CG. Studies on the bioburden on medical devices and the importance of cleaning. In: Rutala WA, ed. Disinfection, sterilization and antisepsis: principles and practices in healthcare facilities. Washington, DC: Association for Professional in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2001:63\u201369."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib26","first-page":"252","article-title":"Impact of the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP) on safety culture in a surgical inpatient unit","volume":"36","author":"Timmel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib27","unstructured":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Reprocessing of reusable medical devices in health service organisations. AS18\/07. NSQHS, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib28","first-page":"128","article-title":"The structural and functional prerequisites for a central sterile supply department (CSSD)","volume":"8","author":"Frey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zentr\u00a0Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib29","first-page":"64","article-title":"Choosing a sterilization wrap","volume":"4","author":"Rutala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Control Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib30","first-page":"483","article-title":"Gas and steam sterilization of assembled versus disassembled laparoscopic equipment. Microbiologic studies","volume":"36","author":"Marshburn","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib31","first-page":"28","article-title":"Wet packs and plastic accessory cases","volume":"24","author":"Chobin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Control Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib32","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Good hospital practice: Steam sterilization and sterility assurance. AAMI. Arlington, VA, 1993."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2012.00670.x","article-title":"Large-system transformation in health care: a realist review","volume":"90","author":"Best","year":"2012","journal-title":"Milbank Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1108\/JHOM-02-2017-0027","article-title":"Driving for successful change processes in healthcare by putting staff at the wheel","volume":"32","author":"Erlingsdottir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Organ Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib35","first-page":"480","article-title":"The care and keeping of clinicians in quality improvement","volume":"32","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int\u00a0J\u00a0Quality\u00a0Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.36401\/JQSH-20-43","article-title":"Achieving continuous improvement in CSSD management through performance measurements using user satisfaction surveys and interventions","volume":"4","author":"Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob J Qual Saf Healthc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib37","first-page":"252","article-title":"Impact of the comprehensive unit-based safety program (CUSP) on safety culture in a surgical inpatient unit","volume":"36","author":"Timmel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061115","article-title":"An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU","volume":"355","author":"Pronovost","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1258\/095148403322167933","article-title":"Gaining and maintaining commitment to large-scale change in healthcare organizations","volume":"16","author":"Narine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Serv Manage Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655325006789?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655325006789?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T08:50:46Z","timestamp":1780822246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655325006789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655325006789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identifying sterilization practice gaps at five early implementation hospitals in Cambodia: An observational study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2025.10.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}