{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:04:51Z","timestamp":1785769491481,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008893","name":"University of Iowa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015515","name":"Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:20:55Z","timestamp":1774023655000},"page":"964-971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Timeliness in public health emergency response: An epidemiological assessment of a statewide severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 testing initiative (April 2020-July 2021)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Sophia","family":"Misterek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Carvour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsy Barahona","family":"Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8291-6293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick","family":"Shostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precious-Junia de-Winton","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib1","unstructured":"Marsh T. Over 67 million Americans lack access to covid-19 testing. GoodRx. August 20, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.goodrx.com\/conditions\/covid-19\/covid-19-testing-deserts-in-the-united-states."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06338-y","article-title":"Urgent Care Center wait times increase for covid-19 results in August 2020, with Rapid Testing Availability Limited","volume":"21","author":"Yousman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101230","article-title":"The Silent and dangerous inequity around access to COVID-19 testing: a call to action","volume":"43","author":"Batista","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib4","unstructured":"Fliesler N. Disparities in travel time to Covid test sites may bias case counts. Boston Children\u2019s Answers. May 26, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/discoveries.childrenshospital.org\/covid-19-testing-travel-time\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib5","series-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 on Supply Chains","first-page":"101","article-title":"Supply chain and SARS-COV-2 mitigation: adjustments made to administer six million SARS-COV-2 tests in a large public testing program","author":"Musielak","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.5697","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, and delayed time to covid-19 testing among US Health Care Workers","volume":"7","author":"Baymon","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210063","article-title":"Covid-19 surveillance testing and resident outcomes in nursing homes","volume":"388","author":"McGarry","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Engl\u00a0J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib8","first-page":"299","article-title":"Predictors of later COVID-19 test seeking","volume":"8","author":"Ga\u2019al","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Assoc\u00a0Med\u00a0Microbiol\u00a0Infect\u00a0Dis\u00a0Canada"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib9","unstructured":"Droze R. Everything you need to know about the new \u201ctest Iowa\u201d program | weareiowa.com. We Are Iowa. April 21, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2025. \u200bhttps:\/\/www.weareiowa.com\/article\/news\/health\/coronavirus\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-test-iowa-program\/524-f4853eda-4675-4333-b3f0-fb028cc67d3e."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib10","unstructured":"Ralston M. Governor\u2019s Test Iowa initiative an important step in battling pandemic, opening businesses. The Des Moines Register. April 24, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.desmoinesregister.com\/story\/opinion\/columnists\/iowa-view\/2020\/04\/24\/covid-19-iowa-testing-initiative-important-step-recovery\/3012065001\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib11","unstructured":"Beckman S. Iowans say there\u2019s a lack of TestIowa appointment availability. We Are Iowa. Accessed July 23, 2020. \u200bhttps:\/\/www.weareiowa.com\/article\/news\/local\/iowans-complain-of-lack-of-appointment-availability-at-testiowa-sites\/524-11d59fdf-e2fd-40fb-a5ee-855c6dc9cf19."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib12","unstructured":"Cummings C. \u201cTest Iowa\u201d promises access for all, but advocates say some Iowans are still left behind. KTVO. June 19, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2025. \u200bhttps:\/\/fox42kptm.com\/news\/local\/test-iowa-promises-access-for-all-but-advocates-say-some-iowans-are-still-left-behind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib13","unstructured":"USAFacts. Detailed methodology and sources: Covid-19 data. USAFacts. October 3, 2023. https:\/\/usafacts.org\/articles\/detailed-methodology-covid-19-data\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib14","unstructured":"Iowa coronavirus cases and deaths. USAFacts. Accessed August 5, 2025. https:\/\/usafacts.org\/visualizations\/coronavirus-covid-19-spread-map\/state\/iowa\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christie A, Brooks JT, Hicks LA, Sauber-Schatz EK, Yoder JS, Honein MA. Guidance for implementing COVID-19 prevention strategies in the context of varying community transmission levels and vaccination coverage. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). July 29, 2021. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/70\/wr\/mm7030e2.htm.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7030e2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib16","first-page":"8987","article-title":"Covid-19 deaths in the United States: shifts in hot spots over the three phases of the pandemic and the spatiotemporally varying impact of pandemic vulnerability","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int\u00a0J\u00a0Environ\u00a0Res\u00a0Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260879","article-title":"Covid-19 symptoms at time of testing and association with positivity among outpatients tested for SARS-COV-2","volume":"16","author":"Wohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joh E, Buchan SA, Daneman N, Paul LA, Brown KA. Factors associated with timely test seeking, test turnaround, and public reporting of covid-19: a retrospective analysis in Ontario, Canada. Published Online February 23, 2021.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.22.21252219"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib19","unstructured":"Diamond F. Seniors say these are the top barriers to healthcare: alignment survey. Fierce Healthcare. September 7, 2023. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.fiercehealthcare.com\/payers\/economic-instability-food-insecurity-transportation-woes-top-list-what-seniors-call-main#:\u223c:text=Respondents%20said%20the%20top%20three%20social%20barriers,comprised%20economic%20instability%2C%20loneliness%20and%2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02429-y","article-title":"Barriers to health, social and long-term care access among older adults: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"24","author":"Lacoba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib21","article-title":"Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell\/taste in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am\u00a0J\u00a0Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2021.0264","article-title":"Inequities in technology contribute to disparities in COVID-19 vaccine distribution","volume":"2","author":"Press","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib23","unstructured":"Addressing digital equity needs in Iowa. Benton Foundation. January 30, 2024. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.benton.org\/blog\/addressing-digital-equity-needs-iowa."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib24","unstructured":"Rodriguez B. Iowa gov. Kim Reynolds\u2019 coronavirus testing program poses accessibility issues for the elderly, immigrants. The Des Moines Register. May 8, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.desmoinesregister.com\/story\/news\/health\/2020\/05\/08\/iowas-covid-19-test-iowa-website-poses-issues-elderly-immigrants\/3087580001\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib25","unstructured":"Gruber-Miller S. \u201cIt was kind of impossible\u201d: Test Iowa appointments grow scarce as coronavirus spreads. The Des Moines Register. July 17, 2020. Accessed June 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.desmoinesregister.com\/story\/news\/politics\/2020\/07\/15\/iowans-having-trouble-getting-covid-coronavirus-tests-through-test-iowa-governor-cites-high-demand\/5443034002\/#."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02433-2","article-title":"Equity in epidemic response: an action-oriented framework for guiding public health in equitable responses to major infectious disease emergencies","volume":"24","author":"de-Winton Cummings","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655326003585?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655326003585?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:12:58Z","timestamp":1785766378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655326003585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655326003585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Timeliness in public health emergency response: An epidemiological assessment of a statewide severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 testing initiative (April 2020-July 2021)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.03.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}