{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:05:37Z","timestamp":1785769537618,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajicjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:55:30Z","timestamp":1778601330000},"page":"1006-1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hand-to-face touching behaviors by sex differences and putative-fomite use: Exploring routes and risks of self-inoculation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3031-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Chakraborti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela K.","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000842","article-title":"Close encounters of the infectious kind: methods to measure social mixing behaviour","volume":"140","author":"Read","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Face-touching behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: self inoculation and transmission potentials","volume":"95","author":"Wiener","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113473","article-title":"Transmission of experimental rhinovirus infection by contaminated surfaces","volume":"116","author":"Gwaltney","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1086\/660363","article-title":"The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens","volume":"32","author":"Otter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1938965517704370","article-title":"Implementation of behavior-based training can improve food service employees\u2019 handwashing frequencies, duration, and effectiveness","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornell Hosp Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.06.005","article-title":"Hand hygiene compliance and environmental determinants in child day care centers: an observational study","volume":"41","author":"Zomer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2011.44-967","article-title":"Adherence with universal precautions after immediate, personalized performance feedback","volume":"44","author":"Luke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.10.015","article-title":"Face touching: a frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene","volume":"43","author":"Kwok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112555","article-title":"Rhinovirus transmission: one if by air, two if by hand","volume":"107","author":"Gwaltney","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197306282882601","article-title":"Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation","volume":"288","author":"Hendley","year":"1973","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16924","article-title":"Comparison of face-touching behaviors before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.08.009","article-title":"Face touching in the time of COVID-19 in Shiraz, Iran","volume":"48","author":"Shiraly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2014.03.130242","article-title":"Hand hygiene and face touching in family medicine offices: a Cincinnati area research and improvement group (CARING) network study","volume":"27","author":"Elder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620802003896","article-title":"A study quantifying the hand-to-face contact rate and its potential application to predicting respiratory tract infection","volume":"5","author":"Nicas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Most self-touches are with the nondominant hand","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173942","article-title":"A large-scale analysis of sex differences in facial expressions","volume":"12","author":"McDuff","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017364","article-title":"Men and things, women and people: a meta-analysis of sex differences in interests","volume":"135","author":"Su","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.6.898","article-title":"Nonverbal behavior and the vertical dimension of social relations: a meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204263780","article-title":"The power in your hand: gender differences in bodily feedback from making a fist","volume":"30","author":"Schubert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.09.003","article-title":"Examining university students\u2019 sneezing and coughing etiquette","volume":"42","author":"Berry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916514527590","article-title":"Examining hand-washing rates and durations in public restrooms: a study of gender differences via personal, environmental, and behavioral determinants","volume":"47","author":"Berry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2018.12.007","article-title":"Belief about seat belt use and seat belt wearing behavior among front and rear seat passengers in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Saf Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1414217","article-title":"Gender differences in body composition, dietary patterns, and physical activity: insights from a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Lombardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.2.01","article-title":"Gender differences in the epidemiology of alcohol use and related harms in the United States","volume":"40","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Curr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.06.013","article-title":"Gender differences in smoking among U.S. working adults","volume":"47","author":"Syamlal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.05.030","article-title":"Stop touching your face! A systematic review of triggers, characteristics, regulatory functions and neuro-physiology of facial self touch","volume":"128","author":"Spille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02051-06","article-title":"Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease","volume":"73","author":"Boone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01030-13","article-title":"Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions","volume":"79","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12673","article-title":"Close contact behavior in indoor environment and transmission of respiratory infection","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6205-z","article-title":"Clusters of alcohol and drug use and other health-risk behaviors among Thai secondary school students: a latent class analysis","volume":"18","author":"Assanangkornchai","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2002.1064","article-title":"Clustering of lifestyle risk factors in a general adult population","volume":"35","author":"Schuit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051984","article-title":"Model analysis of fomite mediated influenza transmission","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007_bib34","first-page":"577","article-title":"Human behavior during close contact in a graduate student office","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indoor Air"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Infection Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655326004839?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196655326004839?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:12:29Z","timestamp":1785766349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196655326004839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196655326004839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-6553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-6553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hand-to-face touching behaviors by sex differences and putative-fomite use: Exploring routes and risks of self-inoculation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Infection Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2026.05.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}