{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:39:40Z","timestamp":1777736380942,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,6]],"date-time":"2005-05-06T15:34:28Z","timestamp":1115393668000},"page":"1101-1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Evolving Management of Optic Neuritis and Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202273260901","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis","volume":"326","author":"Beck","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1404","article-title":"The 5-year risk of MS after optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"49","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292403","article-title":"The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis","volume":"329","author":"Beck","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31103-1","article-title":"The course of recovery after optic neuritis. The experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"101","author":"Beck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160715008","article-title":"Visual function 5 years after optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"115","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009283431301","article-title":"Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis","volume":"343","author":"Jacobs","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01209-0","article-title":"Interferon \u03b2-1a for optic neuritis patients at high risk for multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00862-6","article-title":"Visual function more than 10 years after optic neuritis","volume":"137","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.1.230","article-title":"Effects of intravenous methylprednisolone on outcome in MRI-based prognostic subgroups in acute optic neuritis","volume":"50","author":"Kapoor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(98)00071-9","article-title":"Multicenter clinical trial for evaluating methylprednisolone pulse treatment of idiopathic optic neuritis in Japan","volume":"43","author":"Wakakura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Japan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.7.1479","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of oral high-dose methylprednisolone in acute optic neuritis","volume":"52","author":"Sellebjerg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000069408","article-title":"Perils and pitfalls in the interpretation of clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Goodin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.632-a","article-title":"Corticosteroids and optic neuritis [Letter to the Editor]","volume":"43","author":"Goodin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.633","article-title":"Corticosteroids and optic neuritis [Reply to Letter to the Editor]","volume":"43","author":"Beck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.634","article-title":"Corticosteroids and optic neuritis [Reply to Letter to the Editor]","volume":"43","author":"Corbett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199509000-00001","article-title":"The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Putting the results in perspective","volume":"15","author":"Beck","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.11.2039","article-title":"Practice parameter: the role of corticosteroids in the management of acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"54","author":"Kaufman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.2.175","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve in optic neuritis","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30429-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in monosymptomatic optic neuritis","volume":"103","author":"Dunker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf087","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis","volume":"125","author":"Kupersmith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.29.2.208","article-title":"A prospective study of the risk of developing multiple sclerosis in uncomplicated optic neuritis","volume":"29","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.2.185","article-title":"Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after uncomplicated optic neuritis","volume":"38","author":"Rizzo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540080050013","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging in acute optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"50","author":"Beck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.7.944","article-title":"High-and low-risk profiles for the development of multiple sclerosis within 10 years after optic neuritis","volume":"121","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02033357","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"241","author":"Soderstrom","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050453","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of isolated optic neuritis","volume":"246","author":"Ghezzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(99)00045-1","article-title":"Progression of optic neuritis to multiple sclerosis","volume":"101","author":"Druschky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30839-1","article-title":"What we have learned from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"102","author":"Beck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(84)34296-8","article-title":"Retinal periphlebitis and retinitis in multiple sclerosis. Pathologic characteristics","volume":"91","author":"Arnold","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.2.405","article-title":"Retinal venous sheathing in optic neuritis","volume":"110","author":"Lightman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.2.368","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid in acute optic neuritis","volume":"46","author":"Rolak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/101.3.495","article-title":"Factors influencing the risk of multiple sclerosis developing in patients with optic neuritis","volume":"101","author":"Compston","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.6.758","article-title":"A reassessment of the risk of multiple sclerosis developing in patients with optic neuritis after extended follow-up","volume":"50","author":"Francis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32583-6","article-title":"Bilateral postinfectious optic neuritis and intravenous steroid therapy in children","volume":"97","author":"Farris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70078-9","article-title":"Optic neuritis in children","volume":"3","author":"Brady","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520220047015","article-title":"Does neuroretinitis rule out multiple sclerosis?","volume":"44","author":"Parmley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100020014004","article-title":"The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"113","author":"Beck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380502","article-title":"Axonal transaction in the lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"338","author":"Trapp","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.7.1239","article-title":"Effects of IV methylpredisolone on brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS","volume":"57","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1277","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1628","article-title":"PRISMS-4","volume":"56","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199908)46:2<197::AID-ANA9>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Magnetic imaging results of the PRISMS trial","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1268","article-title":"Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.19.2161","article-title":"Immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"162","author":"Galetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.64","article-title":"European\/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Comi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.9.1386","article-title":"Neurologic impairment 10 years after optic neuritis","volume":"61","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.3.393","article-title":"Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"120","author":"Ferguson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.1.65","article-title":"Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability","volume":"58","author":"De Stefano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6.1469","article-title":"Accumulation of hypointense lesions (\u201cblack holes\u201d) on T1 spin echo MRI correlates with disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Truyen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1282","article-title":"Histopathologic correlate of hypointense lesions on T1-weighted spin-echo MRI in multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Van Walderveen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib51","first-page":"65","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists are neuroprotective in a rat model of optic nerve degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Yoles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020696","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"348","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16205-3","article-title":"Oral simvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"363","author":"Vollmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939405001005?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939405001005?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T12:50:48Z","timestamp":1757595048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939405001005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002939405001005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evolving Management of Optic Neuritis and Multiple Sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}