{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T22:27:30Z","timestamp":1788647250424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]],"date-time":"2011-06-24T00:36:37Z","timestamp":1308875797000},"page":"364-376.e1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Morphologic Characteristics of Corneal Nerves in Advanced Keratoconus as Evaluated by Acetylcholinesterase Technique"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Mouhamed Ali","family":"Al-Aqaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Faraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Muneer","family":"Otri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harminder S.","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7","article-title":"Keratoconus","volume":"42","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.04.006","article-title":"Keratoconus: a review","volume":"33","author":"Romero-Jimenez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2001.d01-16.x","article-title":"The genetics of keratoconus","volume":"29","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8","article-title":"Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders","volume":"28","author":"Krachmer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000151548.46231.27","article-title":"Correlation of the appearance of the keratoconic cornea in vivo by confocal microscopy and in vitro by light microscopy","volume":"24","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2005.10.005","article-title":"An evaluation of corneal nerve morphology and function in moderate keratoconus","volume":"28","author":"Simo Mannion","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1217","article-title":"Mapping the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus in keratoconus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"47","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000189038.74139.4a","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy findings in keratoconus","volume":"32","author":"Ucakhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000235270.45379.9c","article-title":"Corneal nerve structure and function in keratoconus: a case report","volume":"33","author":"Mannion","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0968","article-title":"Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy reveals reduced innervation and reduction in cell density in all layers of the keratoconic cornea","volume":"49","author":"Niederer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680802439219","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy for the evaluation of corneal microstructure in keratoconus","volume":"33","author":"Mocan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.52","article-title":"Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy and quantitative aesthesiometry reveal decreased corneal innervation and sensation in keratoconus","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00148-9","article-title":"Involvement of corneal nerves in the progression of keratoconus","volume":"77","author":"Brookes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(63)91645-3","article-title":"Electron microscope study of the pathology of keratoconus: part I","volume":"55","author":"Teng","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib15","first-page":"710","article-title":"A whole-mount cholinesterase technique for demonstrating corneal nerves: observations in the albino rabbit","volume":"9","author":"Robertson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000265309","article-title":"Corneal stromal innervation","volume":"16","author":"Ishida","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib17","first-page":"955","article-title":"Evaluation of peculiarities of the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve plexus and its length in the cornea","volume":"39","author":"Lasys","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1997.19120191.x","article-title":"Computer analysis of corneal innervation density using a novel double stain in rat corneal whole mounts","volume":"191","author":"Jacot","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.173799","article-title":"Architecture and distribution of human corneal nerves","volume":"94","author":"Al-Aqaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/12.3.219","article-title":"A \u201cdirect-coloring\u201d thiocholine method for cholinesterases","volume":"12","author":"Karnovsky","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib21","series-title":"Keratoconus classification","year":"2003"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.11.1425","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy after photorefractive keratectomy in humans","volume":"116","author":"Frueh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib23","first-page":"265","article-title":"Microenvironment of the peripheral nervous system under normal and pathological conditions","volume":"5","author":"Olsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903580403","article-title":"Long-term sensory hyperinnervation following neonatal skin wounds","volume":"358","author":"Reynolds","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"6014","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/315061a0","article-title":"Stimulation of connective tissue cell growth by substance P and substance K","volume":"315","author":"Nilsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199411000-00019","article-title":"Nerve growth factor levels in developing rat skin: upregulation following skin wounding","volume":"5","author":"Constantinou","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2003.00673.x","article-title":"Clinical progression of keratoconus following a Vth nerve palsy","volume":"31","author":"Ruddle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16795","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508516102","article-title":"Molecular basis for keratoconus: lack of TrkA expression and its transcriptional repression by Sp3","volume":"102","author":"Lambiase","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib29","first-page":"1272","article-title":"Expression of nerve growth factor receptors on the ocular surface in healthy subjects and during manifestation of inflammatory diseases","volume":"39","author":"Lambiase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib30","first-page":"692","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors in the human cornea","volume":"41","author":"You","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7311","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09336","article-title":"Neurotrophin receptors TrkA and TrkC cause neuronal death whereas TrkB does not","volume":"467","author":"Nikoletopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5152","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8128229","article-title":"Dependence on p75 for innervation of some sympathetic targets","volume":"263","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib33","first-page":"2480","article-title":"Evaluation of differentially expressed genes identified in keratoconus","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib34","first-page":"2193","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor gene expression in human ocular tissues: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical study","volume":"42","author":"Klisovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(92)90176-L","article-title":"Interleukin-1 activity in lesioned peripheral nerve","volume":"39","author":"Rotshenker","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90132-8","article-title":"Interleukin-6 improves the survival of mesencephalic catecholaminergic and septal cholinergic neurons from postnatal, two-week-old rats in cultures","volume":"40","author":"Hama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199703)19:3<227::AID-GLIA5>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Impaired neuroglial activation in interleukin-6 deficient mice","volume":"19","author":"Klein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1179\/016164110X12714125204353","article-title":"Dynamic changes of ICAM-1 expression in peripheral nervous system following sciatic nerve injury","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1279","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00279.2001","article-title":"Eosinophil adhesion to cholinergic nerves via ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and associated eosinophil degranulation","volume":"282","author":"Sawatzky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00229.x","article-title":"Nerve injury, axonal degeneration and neural regeneration: basic insights","volume":"9","author":"Stoll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08197.x","article-title":"Regulation by interleukin-1 of nerve growth factor secretion and nerve growth factor mRNA expression in rat primary astroglial cultures","volume":"56","author":"Carman-Krzan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0038","article-title":"Epithelial injury induces keratocyte apoptosis: hypothesized role for the interleukin-1 system in the modulation of corneal tissue organization and wound healing","volume":"62","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.12","article-title":"Corneal epithelial cell migration in humans: \u2018hurricane and blizzard keratopathy.\u2019","volume":"7","author":"Dua","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0794","article-title":"Mapping of the normal human corneal sub-basal nerve plexus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"46","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1951","article-title":"In vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy confirms that the human corneal sub-basal nerve plexus is a highly dynamic structure","volume":"49","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31057-3","article-title":"Scanning slit confocal microscopic observation of cell morphology and movement within the normal human anterior cornea","volume":"102","author":"Auran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib47","first-page":"518","article-title":"Confocal in vivo microscopy and confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy in keratoconus","volume":"5","author":"Somodi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ger J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02134093","article-title":"Nerve structures in human central corneal epithelium","volume":"218","author":"Schimmelpfennig","year":"1982","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.178244","article-title":"Ex vivo confocal microscopy of human corneal nerves","volume":"94","author":"Al-Aqaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939411002339?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939411002339?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T13:04:23Z","timestamp":1757595863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939411002339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002939411002339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Morphologic Characteristics of Corneal Nerves in Advanced Keratoconus as Evaluated by Acetylcholinesterase Technique","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}