{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T05:28:42Z","timestamp":1794115722165,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011B031800274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011B031800274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002402","name":"Sun Yat-sen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20110171120104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20110171120104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T13:18:46Z","timestamp":1380719926000},"page":"342-348.e1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["High Prevalence of Demodex brevis Infestation in Chalazia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Lingyi","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scheffer C.G.","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(81)90291-9","article-title":"Demodicosis of ophthalmic concern","volume":"91","author":"English","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Under the lash: Demodex mites in human diseases","volume":"31","author":"Lacey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32833df9f4","article-title":"Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.01.054","article-title":"Corneal manifestations of ocular Demodex infestation","volume":"143","author":"Kheirkhah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000244870.62384.79","article-title":"Clinical treatment of ocular demodicosis by lid scrub with tea tree oil","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.09.057","article-title":"Correlation between ocular Demodex infestation and serum immunoreactivity to Bacillus proteins in patients with Facial rosacea","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4850","article-title":"The relationship between Demodex and ocular discomfort","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"Sep","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1963.01590210056008","article-title":"Demodex folliculorum and blepharitis","volume":"88","author":"Post","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib9","first-page":"361","article-title":"Demodex folliculorum blepharitis","volume":"65","author":"Coston","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181e2eac5","article-title":"Ocular demodicosis as a potential cause of pediatric blepharoconjunctivitis","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib11","series-title":"Albert & Jacobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology","first-page":"625","article-title":"Lid inflammations","author":"Chan","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(85)90522-7","article-title":"Demodectic mites and chalazion","volume":"100","author":"English","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(03)80117-5","article-title":"A rare agent of chalazion: demodectic mites","volume":"38","author":"Koksal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib14","unstructured":"Yam JC, Tang BS, Chan TM, Cheng AC. Ocular demodicidosis as a risk factor of adult recurrent chalazion. Eur J Ophthalmol. doi: 10.5301. 2013.07.16. Forthcoming."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31821de36f","article-title":"Associated morbidity of chalazia","volume":"30","author":"Nemet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.015","article-title":"Associated morbidity of blepharitis","volume":"118","author":"Nemet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/000155502753600795","article-title":"Demodicidosis revisited","volume":"82","author":"Baima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.05.034","article-title":"Demodicosis and rosacea: epidemiology and significance in daily dermatologic practice","volume":"52","author":"Forton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib19","first-page":"896","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of the association between Demodex infestation and rosacea","volume":"146","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11114.x","article-title":"Positive correlation between serum immunoreactivity to Demodex-associated Bacillus proteins and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea","volume":"167","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34669-2","article-title":"Classification of chronic blepharitis","volume":"89","author":"McCulley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0275","article-title":"High prevalence of Demodex in eyelashes with cylindrical dandruff","volume":"46","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31805b7eaf","article-title":"Fluorescein dye improves microscopic evaluation and counting of Demodex in blepharitis with cylindrical dandruff","volume":"26","author":"Kheirkhah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"711","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib24","first-page":"451","article-title":"The prevalence of hair follicle mites in Caucasian New Zealanders","volume":"95","author":"Andrews","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1982.tb00603.x","article-title":"Incidence of Demodex folliculorum on skin of\u00a0lids and nose","volume":"60","author":"Norn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/092865805910057","article-title":"The prevalence of Demodex folliculorum in blepharitis patients and the normal population","volume":"12","author":"Kemal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1159\/000323009","article-title":"Demodex mites\u2014commensals, parasites or mutualistic organisms?","volume":"222","author":"Lacey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.335","article-title":"Demodex folliculorum: requirements for understanding its role in human skin disease","volume":"131","author":"Kligman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652000000300012","article-title":"Is Demodex really non-pathogenic?","volume":"42","author":"Pena","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib30","first-page":"127","article-title":"Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis (Acardia) as the factors of chronic marginal blepharitis","volume":"37","author":"Humiczewska","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wiad Parazytol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib31","first-page":"525","article-title":"Blepharitis due to Demodex: myth or reality?","volume":"22","author":"Kamoun","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70065-2","article-title":"The Demodex mite population in rosacea","volume":"28","author":"Bonnar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1997.tb00242.x","article-title":"Demodicidosis in an immunodeficient child","volume":"14","author":"Castanet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.114739","article-title":"Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea: a preliminary report","volume":"44","author":"Goldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000071800","article-title":"Rosaceiform dermatitis with follicular Demodex after treatment of facial atopic dermatitis with 1% pimecrolimus cream","volume":"207","author":"Lubbe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2003.03006.x","article-title":"Rosacea-like demodicidosis in an immunocompromised child","volume":"20","author":"Morras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70182-1","article-title":"Papular pruritic eruption of Demodex folliculitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Ashack","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70021-9","article-title":"Papulonodular demodicidosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Dominey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70168-0","article-title":"Demodicidosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia; an opportunistic infection occurring with immunosuppression","volume":"127","author":"Ivy","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00041.x","article-title":"Demodex folliculitis on the trunk of a patient with mycosis fungoides","volume":"21","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02234.x","article-title":"Spinulosus of the face as a manifestation of demodicidosis","volume":"138","author":"Farina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.03794.x","article-title":"Rosacea-like demodicidosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Jansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492011000600008","article-title":"Demodex folliculorum on the eyelash follicle of diabetic patients","volume":"74","author":"Yamashita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08028.x","article-title":"Mite-related bacterial antigens stimulate inflammatory cells in rosacea","volume":"157","author":"Lacey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939413006533?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939413006533?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:40:10Z","timestamp":1762080010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939413006533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002939413006533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High Prevalence of Demodex brevis Infestation in Chalazia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}