{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:45:42Z","timestamp":1792784742111,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008376","name":"Helsinki University Central Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9lius Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010810","name":"Eye Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Roma","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00gtjrz72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T22:44:31Z","timestamp":1550184271000},"page":"100-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Small Fatal Choroidal Melanoma Study. A Survey by the European Ophthalmic Oncology Group"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4491-9575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Jouhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine J.","family":"Jager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan J.R.","family":"de Geus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Andreas","family":"Eide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Daniel","family":"Grange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Folke","family":"Kiilgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Seregard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Midena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Parrozzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Caujolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Rospond-Kubiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tero T.","family":"Kivel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31274-7","article-title":"Natural history of indeterminate pigmented choroidal tumors","volume":"101","author":"Butler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.053","article-title":"Small choroidal melanocytic lesions: features predictive of growth","volume":"113","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30864-0","article-title":"Risk factors for growth and metastasis of small choroidal melanocytic lesions","volume":"102","author":"Shields","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200206000-00001","article-title":"Clinical features of small choroidal melanoma","volume":"13","author":"Shields","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160707007","article-title":"Factors predictive of growth and treatment of small choroidal melanoma: COMS Report No. 5. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group","volume":"115","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.11.911","article-title":"Clinical parameters predictive of enlargement of melanocytic choroidal lesions","volume":"73","author":"Augsburger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of small choroidal melanoma: an internet survey","volume":"5","author":"Finger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Internet J Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib8","first-page":"54","article-title":"An alternative hypothesis for observed mortality rates due to metastasis after treatment of choroidal melanomas of different sizes","volume":"105","author":"Augsburger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib9","first-page":"147","article-title":"Is observation really appropriate for small choroidal melanomas","volume":"91","author":"Augsburger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00265-4","article-title":"Changing concepts in the management of choroidal melanoma","volume":"136","author":"Robertson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.9.1342","article-title":"The case for observational management of suspected small choroidal melanoma","volume":"124","author":"Murray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.9.1344","article-title":"Treating some small melanocytic choroidal lesions without waiting for growth","volume":"124","author":"Shields","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(78)90133-9","article-title":"The management of small choroidal melanomas","volume":"22","author":"Char","year":"1978","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1979.01020010419001","article-title":"Small choroidal melanomas. A long-term follow-up study","volume":"97","author":"Thomas","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35200-7","article-title":"Observation of suspected choroidal and ciliary body melanomas for evidence of growth prior to enucleation","volume":"87","author":"Gass","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib16","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Metastasis of a very small choroidal melanoma without apparent clinical change","volume":"16","author":"McKnight","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160056009","article-title":"Mortality in patients with small choroidal melanoma. COMS report no. 4. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group","volume":"115","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01327.x","article-title":"Long-term outcome of transpupillary thermotherapy as primary treatment of selected choroidal melanoma","volume":"87","author":"Parrozzani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1156","article-title":"Small choroidal melanomas treated with transpupillary thermotherapy and cryotherapy","volume":"126","author":"Robertson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.003","article-title":"Outcomes of iodine 125 plaque radiotherapy after Initial observation of suspected small choroidal melanomas: a pilot study","volume":"112","author":"Sobrin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12523","article-title":"Small metastasizing choroidal melanomas","volume":"93","author":"Malcl\u00e8s","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00902-2","article-title":"Primary transpupillary thermotherapy for small choroidal melanoma in 256 consecutive cases: outcomes and limitations","volume":"109","author":"Shields","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910060214005","article-title":"Small melanomas of the choroid","volume":"96","author":"Barr","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.80711","article-title":"Primary transpupillary thermotherapy of choroidal melanocytic lesions","volume":"18","author":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.166","article-title":"Mortality after diagnosis of small melanocytic lesions of the choroid","volume":"128","author":"Lane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib26","first-page":"Op310","article-title":"The natural history of malignant melanoma of the choroid: small vs large tumors","volume":"79","author":"Davidorf","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00182-2","article-title":"Tumor doubling times in metastatic malignant melanoma of the uvea: tumor progression before and after treatment","volume":"107","author":"Eskelin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00608-4","article-title":"Author\u2019s reply","volume":"108","author":"Eskelin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib29","series-title":"AJCC Cancer Staging Manual","first-page":"547","article-title":"Malignant melanoma of the uvea","year":"2010"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.2771","article-title":"Staging of ciliary body and choroidal melanomas based on anatomic extent","volume":"31","author":"Kujala","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1987.tb02617.x","article-title":"Estimation of tumor height and follow-up of radiation response in uveal malignant melanoma by ultrasonography","volume":"65","author":"Mianowicz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.03.027","article-title":"Ocular complications after iodine brachytherapy for large uveal melanomas","volume":"111","author":"Puusaari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib33","series-title":"Handbook of Statistics in Clinical Oncology","author":"Gooley","year":"2001"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1603","article-title":"Size overlap between benign melanocytic choroidal nevi and choroidal malignant melanomas","volume":"49","author":"Augsburger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001362","article-title":"Vitrectomy-assisted biopsy for molecular prognostication of choroidal melanoma 2\u00a0mm or less in thickness with a 27-gauge cutter","volume":"37","author":"Nagiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02428-w","article-title":"Punctuated evolution of canonical genomic aberrations in uveal melanoma","volume":"9","author":"Field","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.06.006","article-title":"Slow enlargement of choroidal nevi: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"118","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090100090033","article-title":"Impact of delayed treatment in growing posterior uveal melanomas","volume":"111","author":"Augsburger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000202","article-title":"Management of choroidal melanomas less than 10\u00a0mm in largest basal diameter with a 10-mm ruthenium plaque","volume":"34","author":"Salkola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.10.005","article-title":"Local recurrence after uveal melanoma proton beam therapy: recurrence types and prognostic consequences","volume":"85","author":"Caujolle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.014","article-title":"Local recurrence significantly increases the risk of metastatic uveal melanoma","volume":"123","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3856-x","article-title":"Association between traditional clinical high-risk features and gene expression profile classification in uveal melanoma","volume":"256","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31824d09a8","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and prognosis of uveal melanoma based on age at presentation in 8,033 cases","volume":"32","author":"Shields","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11113","article-title":"A prognostic model and staging for metastatic uveal melanoma","volume":"97","author":"Eskelin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.06.002","article-title":"Validation of a prognostic staging for metastatic uveal melanoma: A Collaborative Study of the European Ophthalmic Oncology Group","volume":"168","author":"Kivel\u00e4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939419300625?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939419300625?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T13:39:57Z","timestamp":1757597997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939419300625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0002939419300625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Small Fatal Choroidal Melanoma Study. A Survey by the European Ophthalmic Oncology Group","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}