{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:38:32Z","timestamp":1791657512708,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]],"date-time":"2019-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000967","name":"American Health Assistance Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001641","name":"Glaucoma Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T22:44:24Z","timestamp":1550184264000},"page":"12-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Intraocular Oxygen and Antioxidant Status: New Insights on the Effect of Vitrectomy and Glaucoma Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4775-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla J.","family":"Siegfried","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Bo","family":"Shui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0638-4","article-title":"Elevation of nitric oxide production in human trabecular meshwork by increased pressure","volume":"241","author":"Schneemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0863","article-title":"Effects of cyclic intraocular pressure on conventional outflow facility","volume":"49","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2694","article-title":"Cyclic mechanical stress and trabecular meshwork cell contractility","volume":"50","author":"Ramos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib4","first-page":"511","article-title":"Functional and electron microscopic changes in the trabecular meshwork remaining after trabeculectomy in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Lutjen-Drecoll","year":"1974","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.9.1251","article-title":"Schlemm's canal becomes smaller after successful filtration surgery","volume":"118","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.001","article-title":"Rates of vitrectomy among enrollees in a United States managed care network, 2001\u20132012","volume":"123","author":"Wubben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.300","article-title":"Adverse events after pars plana vitrectomy among medicare beneficiaries","volume":"127","author":"Stein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2008.621","article-title":"The gel state of the vitreous and ascorbate-dependent oxygen consumption: relationship to the etiology of nuclear cataracts","volume":"127","author":"Shui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.6.589.5080","article-title":"Determination of ascorbic acid in human vitreous humor by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection","volume":"16","author":"Takano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-217-44250","article-title":"Ocular oxidants and antioxidant protection","volume":"217","author":"Rose","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.2.113","article-title":"Nuclear cataract and myopia during hyperbaric oxygen therapy","volume":"68","author":"Palmquist","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(84)34100-8","article-title":"The crystalline lens after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"91","author":"Novak","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30844-5","article-title":"Nuclear sclerotic cataract after vitrectomy in patients younger than 50 years of age","volume":"102","author":"Melberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(88)90180-8","article-title":"Nuclear sclerosis after vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membranes","volume":"105","author":"de Bustros","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72377-3","article-title":"Nuclear sclerotic cataract after vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker","volume":"111","author":"Cherfan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73812-7","article-title":"Progression of nuclear sclerosis and long-term visual results of vitrectomy with transforming growth factor beta-2 for macular holes","volume":"119","author":"Thompson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohc.2004.06.009","article-title":"Cataracts associated with posterior segment surgery","volume":"17","author":"Panozzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S68661","article-title":"Cataract formation following vitreoretinal procedures","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31822529cf","article-title":"Small-gauge vitrectomy does not protect against nuclear sclerotic cataract","volume":"32","author":"Almony","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0820","article-title":"Importance of vitreous liquefaction in age-related cataract","volume":"45","author":"Harocopos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.09.046","article-title":"Vitrectomy surgery increases oxygen exposure to the lens: a possible mechanism for nuclear cataract formation","volume":"139","author":"Holekamp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3170","article-title":"Nuclear ferritin: a ferritoid-ferritin complex in corneal epithelial cells","volume":"50","author":"Nurminskaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21494","article-title":"Nuclear ferritin-mediated protection of corneal epithelial cells from oxidative damage to DNA","volume":"237","author":"Cai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib24","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Ascorbic acid content of human corneal epithelium","volume":"41","author":"Brubaker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680500477347","article-title":"Glutathione-related enzymes and the eye","volume":"31","author":"Ganea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib26","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Changes of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the corneal epithelium after UVB rays. Histochemical and biochemical study","volume":"15","author":"Cejkova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930889","article-title":"Differences in activities of antioxidant superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and prooxidant xanthine oxidoreductase\/xanthine oxidase in the normal corneal epithelium of various mammals","volume":"56","author":"Kovaceva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013270512172","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations, cellular response to oxidative stress and defective degradation of proteins in aging","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)01127-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress and glaucoma: injury in the anterior segment of the eye","volume":"173","author":"Sacca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2005.11.001","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in glaucoma","volume":"612","author":"Izzotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib31","first-page":"714","article-title":"Age-related changes in trabecular meshwork cellularity","volume":"21","author":"Alvarado","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2007.0592","article-title":"Mitochondria in aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Crouch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib33","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Glutathione in calf trabecular meshwork and its relation to aqueous humor outflow facility","volume":"24","author":"Kahn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5251","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3871","article-title":"Sensitivity of ocular anterior chamber tissues to oxidative damage and its relevance to the pathogenesis of glaucoma","volume":"50","author":"Izzotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000267860","article-title":"Free radicals and aging of anterior segment tissues of the eye: a hypothesis","volume":"27 Suppl 1","author":"Green","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthal Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00199-2","article-title":"A new clue to glaucoma pathogenesis","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00114-1","article-title":"Oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the eyes of glaucoma patients","volume":"114","author":"Izzotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.458","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage in the human trabecular meshwork: clinical correlation in patients with primary open\u2013angle glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Sacca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib39","first-page":"41","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage and total antioxidant status in glaucoma patients","volume":"17","author":"Sorkhabi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21890","article-title":"Effects of vitrectomy and lensectomy on older rhesus macaques: oxygen distribution, antioxidant status, and aqueous humor dynamics","volume":"58","author":"Siegfried","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.02.014","article-title":"LXII Edward Jackson lecture: open angle glaucoma after vitrectomy","volume":"141","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib42","first-page":"160","article-title":"Incidence of, risk factors for, and combined mechanism of late-onset open-angle glaucoma after vitrectomy","volume":"32","author":"Koreen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina-J Ret Vit Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib43","first-page":"218","article-title":"Presence of crystalline lens as a protective factor for the late development of open angle glaucoma after vitrectomy","volume":"29","author":"Luk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina\u2013J Ret Vit Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.010","article-title":"Incidence of late-onset ocular hypertension following uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy in pseudophakic eyes","volume":"159","author":"Toyokawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib45","first-page":"1985","article-title":"Intraocular pressure elevation after uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy results of the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study Group","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina-J Ret Vit Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib46","first-page":"2543","article-title":"Long\u2013Term Follow\u2013up of intraocular pressure after vitrectomy in eyes without preexisting glaucoma","volume":"35","author":"Mi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina\u2013J Ret Vit Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.06.010","article-title":"The risk of primary open-angle glaucoma following vitreoretinal surgery-a population-based study","volume":"193","author":"Mansukhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib48","series-title":"Clinical Decisions In Glaucoma","author":"Hodapp","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5731","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5666","article-title":"Oxygen distribution in the human eye: relevance to the etiology of open-angle glaucoma after vitrectomy","volume":"51","author":"Siegfried","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.169","article-title":"Racial differences in ocular oxidative metabolism: implications for ocular disease","volume":"129","author":"Siegfried","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1995.1127","article-title":"Extraction and determination of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate from plant tissue","volume":"225","author":"Kampfenkel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.016","article-title":"Lower intraocular oxygen tension in diabetic patients: possible contribution to decreased incidence of nuclear sclerotic cataract","volume":"141","author":"Holekamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1475","article-title":"Oxygen distribution in the rabbit eye and oxygen consumption by the lens","volume":"47","author":"Shui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib54","first-page":"125","article-title":"The source of proteins in the aqueous humor of the normal rabbit","volume":"31","author":"Freddo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.8.1203","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity: a radical explanation","volume":"201","author":"Fridovich","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.88.6.900","article-title":"Pulmonary oxygen toxicity","volume":"88","author":"Jackson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02764310","article-title":"Vitreal and retinal oxygenation","volume":"228","author":"Alder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib58","first-page":"199","article-title":"Measurement of vitreous oxygen tension in human eyes","volume":"33","author":"Sakaue","year":"1989","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.09.003","article-title":"Enzyme-induced posterior vitreous detachment in the rat produces increased lens nuclear pO levels","volume":"88","author":"Giblin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.068619","article-title":"Regulation of tissue oxygen levels\u00a0in the mammalian lens","volume":"559","author":"McNulty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450020109018","article-title":"Aqueous humor ascorbate concentration and open-angle glaucoma","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.352","article-title":"Antioxidant status in the aqueous humour of patients with glaucoma associated with exfoliation syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Ferreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00788-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress markers in aqueous humor of glaucoma patients","volume":"137","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02046.x","article-title":"Ascorbic acid concentration is reduced in the secondary aqueous humour of glaucomatous patients","volume":"37","author":"Leite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0515-2","article-title":"Ascorbic acid concentrations in aqueous humor after systemic vitamin C supplementation in patients with cataract: pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Hah","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166915","article-title":"Oxidative and anti-oxidative stress markers in chronic glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Benoist d'Azy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00591-6","article-title":"Age-related changes in the peroxyl radical scavenging capacity of human plasma","volume":"23","author":"Aejmelaeus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17191","article-title":"Impact of corneal endothelial dysfunctions on intraocular oxygen levels in human eyes","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540205000306","article-title":"Evidence of oxidative stress in human corneal diseases","volume":"50","author":"Buddi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP131212063C","article-title":"Age-related changes of vitamin C levels in aqueous humour","volume":"72","author":"Canadananovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib71","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase and catalase of calf trabecular meshwork","volume":"26","author":"Freedman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.1.1.4","article-title":"Antioxidants protect trabecular meshwork cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death","volume":"1","author":"Ammar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1074","article-title":"The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate","volume":"300","author":"Buettner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00069-8","article-title":"Water soluble antioxidants in mammalian aqueous humor: interaction with UV B and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"38","author":"Richer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(93)90205-I","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of glutathione peroxidase in human serum","volume":"219","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00135.x","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro evidence for UV-protection of the eye by the corneal epithelium mediated by the cytoplasmic protein, RNA, and ascorbate","volume":"75","author":"Ringvold","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib77","first-page":"20","article-title":"Distribution of ascorbate in the anterior bovine eye","volume":"41","author":"Ringvold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib78","first-page":"344","article-title":"The effect of aqueous humor ascorbate on ultraviolet-B-induced DNA damage in lens epithelium","volume":"39","author":"Reddy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(65)80030-6","article-title":"The chemical composition of the human aqueous humour in normal and pathological conditions","volume":"4","author":"De Berardinis","year":"1965","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000265396","article-title":"Dynamics of ascorbate in the aqueous humor and tissues surrounding ocular chambers","volume":"17","author":"Kodama","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500104025","article-title":"Review: When is an antioxidant not an antioxidant? A review of novel actions and reactions of vitamin C","volume":"39","author":"Duarte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19162","article-title":"Expression profiling of ascorbic acid-related transporters in human and mouse eyes","volume":"57","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207250","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/207250","article-title":"Antioxidant delivery pathways in the anterior eye","volume":"2013","author":"Umapathy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.15-105","article-title":"Fluorescence probe for the convenient and sensitive detection of ascorbic acid","volume":"58","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27986","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13315C","article-title":"Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Nimse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rsc Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4896","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9095375","article-title":"Reaction rates and mechanism of the ascorbic acid oxidation by molecular oxygen facilitated by Cu(II)-containing amyloid-beta complexes and aggregates","volume":"114","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017","article-title":"Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective","volume":"51","author":"Traber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.141","article-title":"Oxygen dependency of one-electron reactions generating ascorbate radicals and hydrogen peroxide from ascorbic acid","volume":"196","author":"Boatright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90073-C","article-title":"Noninvasive measures of oxidative stress status in humans","volume":"10","author":"Pryor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05607.x","article-title":"Vitamin C. Biosynthesis, recycling and degradation in mammals","volume":"274","author":"Linster","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib91","first-page":"1188","article-title":"The aqueous humor is capable of generating and degrading H2O2","volume":"39","author":"Spector","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.10.003","article-title":"Changes in aqueous humor dynamics with age and glaucoma","volume":"24","author":"Gabelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1987.38","article-title":"Age-related depletion of the cell population in the human trabecular meshwork","volume":"1","author":"Grierson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.10.008","article-title":"Glaucomatous outflow pathway and oxidative stress","volume":"84","author":"Sacca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1409-7","article-title":"Vitrectomy does not increase the risk of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: a 5-year follow-up","volume":"248","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ff0d5a","article-title":"Long-term trends in intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy","volume":"31","author":"Lalezary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.008","article-title":"Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) study: twelve-month findings","volume":"121","author":"Lalezary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib98","series-title":"IOP changes: three-year findings of the Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) study","author":"Patel","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib99","first-page":"1198","article-title":"The effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on aqueous humor chemistry and dynamics","volume":"25","author":"Bar-Ilan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(55)91845-6","article-title":"The effects of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazoleamide, on the composition of the aqueous humor","volume":"40","author":"Becker","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210901900408","article-title":"Antioxidant status modifications by topical administration of dorzolamide in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"19","author":"Zanon-Moreno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702737","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of timolol on endothelial cells and its relevance for glaucoma course","volume":"22","author":"Izzotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0726-5","article-title":"Metipranolol attenuates lipid peroxidation in rat brain: a comparative study with other antiglaucoma drugs","volume":"241","author":"Melena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib104","first-page":"246","article-title":"Brimonidine is neuroprotective against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and hypoxia in purified rat retinal ganglion cells","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0984","article-title":"Effects of oxidative stress in trabecular meshwork cells are reduced by prostaglandin analogues","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.10.002","type":"addendum","label":"Addendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000}}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939419300595?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939419300595?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T13:39:16Z","timestamp":1757597956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939419300595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S0002939419300595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008","relation":{"addendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.10.002","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intraocular Oxygen and Antioxidant Status: New Insights on the Effect of Vitrectomy and Glaucoma Pathogenesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}