{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:43:45Z","timestamp":1787373825432,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001800","name":"University of Notre Dame Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001800","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001063","name":"Raine Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001069","name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007817","name":"Alcon Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T02:25:58Z","timestamp":1582770358000},"page":"40-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Choroidal Thickness in Young Adults and its Association with Visual Acuity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Samantha S.Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Lingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alonso-Caneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred K.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyhan","family":"Yazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex W.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.012","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"118","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12117","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and risk characteristics of eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization","volume":"91","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.035","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and volume in healthy young white adults and the relationships between them and axial length, ammetropy and sex","volume":"158","author":"Sanchez-Cano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9555","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8076","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese subjects","volume":"52","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8438","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8108","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in relation to sex and axial length in 93 Danish university students","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12772","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in myopic and nonmyopic children assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.048","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"120","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11732","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in childhood","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.005","article-title":"Choroidal thickness measurement in myopic eyes by enhanced depth optical coherence tomography","volume":"120","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302836","article-title":"The relationship between retinal and choroidal thickness and visual acuity in highly myopic eyes","volume":"97","author":"Flores-Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.023","article-title":"Visual acuity and subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"158","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e709","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13084","article-title":"Choroidal thickness does not predict visual acuity in young high myopes","volume":"94","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.258","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in both eyes of patients with unilaterally active central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9619","article-title":"Choroidal thickness, vascular hyperpermeability, and complement factor H in age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"53","author":"Jirarattanasopa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.018","article-title":"Choroidal thickness profiles in myopic eyes of young adults in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial Cohort","volume":"160","author":"Harb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26393","article-title":"Impact of the morphologic characteristics of optic disc on choroidal thickness in young myopic patients","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0197457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197457","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in normal Indian subjects using swept source optical coherence tomography","volume":"13","author":"Akhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13868","article-title":"Macular choroidal thickness profile in a healthy population measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"55","author":"Ruiz-Medrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020868","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020868","article-title":"Investigating the long-term impact of a childhood sun-exposure intervention, with a focus on eye health: protocol for the Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study","volume":"8","author":"Lingham","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2012.755632","article-title":"Raine eye health study: design, methodology and baseline prevalence of ophthalmic disease in a birth-cohort study of young adults","volume":"34","author":"Yazar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009976","article-title":"Evaluation of an intervention to reduce sun exposure in children: design and baseline results","volume":"150","author":"Milne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10698","article-title":"Birth of a cohort\u2013the first 20 years of the Raine study","volume":"197","author":"McKnight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.041863","article-title":"Consequences of amblyopia on education, occupation, and long term vision loss","volume":"88","author":"Chua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91862-0","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in an adult population","volume":"105","author":"Attebo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.05.026","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in a rural adult population of Chinese the Handan Eye Study","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49816-4","article-title":"Automatic choroidal segmentation in OCT images using supervised deep learning methods","volume":"9","author":"Kugelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.674614","article-title":"Regression methods when the eye is the unit of analysis","volume":"19","author":"Glynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8782","article-title":"Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.07.027","article-title":"Age, sex, and ethnic variations in inner and outer retinal and choroidal thickness on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"160","author":"Bafiq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000654","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in relation to ethnicity measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"36","author":"Karapetyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000092","article-title":"Choroidal and photoreceptor layer thickness in myopic population","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.10.034","article-title":"Distribution and determinants of choroidal thickness and volume using automated segmentation software in a population-based study","volume":"159","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1428995","article-title":"Sex-dependent choroidal thickness differences in healthy adults: a study based on original and synthesized data","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.01.017","article-title":"Annual changes in refractive errors and ocular components before and after the onset of myopia in Chinese children","volume":"119","author":"Xiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199212020-00009","article-title":"Pathologic findings in pathologic myopia","volume":"12","author":"Grossniklaus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9561","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7969","article-title":"Relationship of ocular biometry and retinal vascular caliber in preschoolers","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689409042406","article-title":"Relationship between morphometric optic disc parameters, sex and axial length","volume":"13","author":"Miglior","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.906625","article-title":"Gender differences in ocular blood flow","volume":"40","author":"Schmidl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.7.877","article-title":"Presence of oestrogen receptor type beta in human retina","volume":"85","author":"Munaut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302393","article-title":"The effect of smoking on choroidal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography","volume":"97","author":"Sizmaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002117","article-title":"Association of obstructive sleep apnea with central serous chorioretinopathy and choroidal thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib42","first-page":"708","article-title":"Measurement of choroidal thickness following caffeine intake in healthy subjects","volume":"41","author":"Altinkaynak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16179","article-title":"Peripapillary choroidal thickness variation with age and race in normal eyes","volume":"56","author":"Rhodes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0150","article-title":"Ethnic variability in retinal vessel caliber: a potential source of measurement error from ocular pigmentation? The Sydney Childhood Eye Study","volume":"49","author":"Rochtchina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1539","article-title":"Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0978","article-title":"Distribution and associations of retinal vascular caliber with ethnicity, gender, and birth parameters in young children","volume":"48","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of secondhand smoking exposure with choroidal thinning in children aged 6 to 8 years: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01365-4","article-title":"Impaired functional visual acuity of dry eye patients","volume":"133","author":"Goto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939420300659?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939420300659?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T13:41:07Z","timestamp":1757598067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939420300659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0002939420300659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Choroidal Thickness in Young Adults and its Association with Visual Acuity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}