{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:38:16Z","timestamp":1793209096511,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006518","name":"University of Nebraska Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006518","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T23:23:20Z","timestamp":1594509800000},"page":"396-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Determining the Tractional Forces on Vitreoretinal Interface Using a Computer Simulation Model in Abusive Head Trauma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donny W.","family":"Suh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen H.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hozhabr","family":"Mozafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wallace B.","family":"Thoreson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Subdural hemorrhage in abusive head trauma: imaging challenges and controversies","volume":"1","author":"Hedlund","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Coll Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2009.03.005","article-title":"Odds of abuse associated with retinal hemorrhages in children suspected of child abuse","volume":"13","author":"Binenbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib3","author":"Schroeder"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1020-L","article-title":"A population-based comparison of clinical and outcome characteristics of young children with serious inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury","volume":"114","author":"Keenan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib5","first-page":"144","article-title":"Challenging the pathophysiologic connection between subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage and shaken baby syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Gabaeff","year":"2011","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00161-5","article-title":"Shaken baby syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Kivlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17602","article-title":"CNS injuries in abusive head trauma","volume":"208","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01628-8","article-title":"Correlation between retinal abnormalities and intracranial abnormalities in the shaken baby syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Morad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.4.396","article-title":"The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation","volume":"54","author":"Caffey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.014","article-title":"Experimental analyses of the retinal and subretinal haemorrhages accompanied by shaken baby syndrome\/abusive head trauma using a dummy doll","volume":"45","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-015-0020-8","article-title":"An experimental model of vitreous motion induced by eye rotations","volume":"2","author":"Bonfiglio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib12","first-page":"163","article-title":"Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"56","author":"Caffey","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Roentgen Rad Ther"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181dc048c","article-title":"Hand-held spectral domain optical coherence tomography finding in shaken-baby syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Muni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.02.008","article-title":"Retinal morphologic features in shaken baby syndrome evaluated by optical coherence tomography","volume":"147","author":"Sturm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.04.023","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography findings in shaken baby syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Sturm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000083635.85457.97","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine and shaken baby syndrome: part I: literature review, 1966-1998","volume":"24","author":"Donohoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.3.0409","article-title":"The shaken baby syndrome. A clinical, pathological, and biomechanical study","volume":"66","author":"Duhaime","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.2.179","article-title":"Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age","volume":"90","author":"Duhaime","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.1.0143","article-title":"Anthropomorphic simulations of falls, shakes, and inflicted impacts in infants","volume":"99","author":"Prange","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5211","article-title":"Ocular hemorrhages in neonatal porcine eyes from single, rapid rotational events","volume":"51","author":"Coats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib21","series-title":"Diagnostic imaging of child abuse","author":"Kleinman","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.02.033","article-title":"Shaken baby syndrome: a biomechanics analysis of injury mechanisms","volume":"151","author":"Bandak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib23","unstructured":"Lantz PE, Stanton, CA. Postmortem detection and evaluation of retinal hemorrhages. Presented at the: AAFS Annual Meeting; February 2006; Seattle, Washington."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.03.038","article-title":"Postmortem orbital findings in shaken baby syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Wygnanski-Jaffe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib59","series-title":"Anatomy and histology of the eye and orbit in domestic animals","author":"Prince","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib60","volume":"vol.2","author":"Balazs","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib25","first-page":"107","article-title":"Tensile mechanical properties of the perinatal and pediatric PMHS osteoligamentous cervical spine","volume":"52","author":"Luck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4352","article-title":"Cyclic head rotations produce modest brain injury in infant piglets","volume":"34","author":"Coats","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.09.004","article-title":"Age-related changes in dynamic moduli of ovine vitreous","volume":"41","author":"Colter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib28","volume":"Vol 55607","author":"Coats","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.002","article-title":"Biomechanical studies in an ovine model of non-accidental head injury","volume":"47","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.07.001","article-title":"Diffuse neuronal perikaryal amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in an ovine model of non-accidental head injury (the shaken baby syndrome)","volume":"17","author":"Finnie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.10.1106","article-title":"Simulation model of an eyeball based on finite element analysis on a supercomputer","volume":"83","author":"Uchio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6477","article-title":"The pathogenesis of retinal damage in blunt eye trauma: finite element modeling","volume":"52","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.04.015","article-title":"Rheological properties of the vitreous and the role of hyaluronic acid","volume":"41","author":"Nickerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0129-3","article-title":"Finite element analysis of impact and shaking inflicted to a child","volume":"121","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0242-6","article-title":"Influence of the benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space on the bridging veins strain during a shaking event: a finite element study","volume":"122","author":"Raul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0994-1","article-title":"A finite element infant eye model to investigate retinal forces in shaken baby syndrome","volume":"247","author":"Hans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.11.006","article-title":"Finite element model of ocular injury in abusive head trauma","volume":"13","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib38","series-title":"IRCOBI Conference Proceedings","article-title":"Infant eye finite-element model for injury analysis","author":"Nadarasa","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib39","series-title":"Characterization of pediatric ocular material properties for implementation in finite element modeling","author":"Saffioti","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib40","first-page":"1273","volume":"Vol 1","author":"Creveling","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.06.036","article-title":"Acceptance of shaken baby syndrome and abusive head trauma as medical diagnoses","volume":"177","author":"Narang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"The next innocence project: shaken baby syndrome and the criminal courts","volume":"87","author":"Tuerkheimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Washington University Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4687","article-title":"Biomechanical response of the infant head to shaking---an experimental investigation","volume":"34","author":"Jenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5759.430","article-title":"Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries","volume":"2","author":"Guthkelch","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(59)90520-4","article-title":"Birth injuries to the spinal cord: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature","volume":"78","author":"Stern","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140170001001","article-title":"Whiplash injury and brain damage: an experimental study","volume":"204","author":"Ommaya","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.07.001","article-title":"Remodelling of the human vitreous and vitreoretinal interface \u2013 A dynamic process","volume":"29","author":"Ponsioen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.07.079","article-title":"Comparison of the characteristics of retinal hemorrhages in abusive head trauma versus normal vaginal delivery","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S163734","article-title":"Clinical comparison of ocular and systemic findings in diagnosed cases of abusive and non-abusive head trauma","volume":"12","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13336","article-title":"Severe retinal hemorrhages with retinoschisis in infants are not pathognomonic for abusive head trauma","volume":"62","author":"Shuman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1212-y","article-title":"Assessment of the nature and age of subdural collections in nonaccidental head injury with CT and MRI","volume":"39","author":"Vezina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.015","article-title":"Ocular autopsy and histopathologic features of child abuse","volume":"114","author":"Emerson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000427","article-title":"Unilateral retinal hemorrhages with subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 5-week-old infant: is this nonaccidental injury?","volume":"20","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1388","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2772","article-title":"Prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in critically ill children","volume":"129","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33688-1","article-title":"Traumatic retinoschisis in battered babies","volume":"93","author":"Greenwald","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2016.11.020","article-title":"Photographic assessment of retinal hemorrhages in infant head injury: the Childhood Hemorrhagic Retinopathy Study","volume":"21","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.2","article-title":"Non-contact ultra-widefield retinal imaging of infants with suspected abusive head trauma","volume":"31","author":"Yusuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.206","article-title":"Shaken baby syndrome: rotational cranial injuries\u2014technical report","volume":"108","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939420303160?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939420303160?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T13:46:54Z","timestamp":1757598414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939420303160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S0002939420303160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Determining the Tractional Forces on Vitreoretinal Interface Using a Computer Simulation Model in Abusive Head Trauma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}