{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:52:22Z","timestamp":1791989542909,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007156","name":"Innovation and Technology Commission - Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003452","name":"Innovation and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ITB\/FBL\/8037\/21\/P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITB\/FBL\/8037\/21\/P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T16:13:39Z","timestamp":1753805619000},"page":"223-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Axial Length Growth Trajectories in Children Transitioning to Myopia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Wai Cheung","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6618-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongcheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6808-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly Siu Yin","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1003-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Fulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9588-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsz Wing","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.012","article-title":"Myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Marcus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0003","first-page":"3625","article-title":"Myopia and incident cataract and cataract surgery: the blue mountains eye study","volume":"43","author":"Younan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","article-title":"The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology","volume":"31","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","article-title":"Defocus Incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"104","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2022.101745","article-title":"Orthokeratology lenses with increased compression factor (OKIC): a 2-year longitudinal clinical trial for myopia control","volume":"46","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162","article-title":"Effect of low-concentration atropine eyedrops vs placebo on myopia incidence in children: the LAMP2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Yam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M132","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25955","article-title":"IMI\u2013clinical myopia control trials and instrumentation report","volume":"60","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13603","article-title":"Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children","volume":"96","author":"Tideman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319431","article-title":"Normative data and percentile curves for axial length and axial length\/corneal curvature in Chinese children and adolescents aged 4\u201318 years","volume":"107","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002176","article-title":"Influence of age and race on axial elongation in myopic children: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"101","author":"Brennan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13159","article-title":"Normative data for axial elongation in Asian children","volume":"43","author":"Naduvilath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72240-y","article-title":"Axial growth and refractive change in white European children and young adults: predictive factors for myopia","volume":"10","author":"McCullough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.01.017","article-title":"Annual changes in refractive errors and ocular components before and after the onset of myopia in Chinese children","volume":"119","author":"Xiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26247","article-title":"Axial growth and lens power loss at myopia onset in Singaporean children","volume":"60","author":"Rozema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562","article-title":"Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia","volume":"48","author":"Mutti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200401000-00009","article-title":"The Nepal longitudinal study: predicting myopia from the rate of increase in vitreous chamber depth","volume":"81","author":"Garner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20160712-03","article-title":"Comparison of AL-scan and IOLMaster 500 partial coherence interferometry optical biometers","volume":"32","author":"Hoffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2009.00419.x","article-title":"Effect of cycloplegia on axial length and anterior chamber depth measurements in children","volume":"92","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13401","article-title":"Regional\/ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children","volume":"45","author":"Naduvilath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.017","article-title":"Evolution of the prevalence of myopia among Taiwanese schoolchildren: a review of survey data from 1983 through 2017","volume":"128","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0804","article-title":"Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children","volume":"49","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0023","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children\u2019s refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0024","first-page":"1542","article-title":"Objectively measured near work, outdoor exposure and myopia in children","volume":"104","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0025","first-page":"295","article-title":"Relationship between higher-order aberrations and myopia progression in schoolchildren: a retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.03.21","article-title":"Scleral remodeling in myopia development","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-021-00450-2","article-title":"Machine learning to determine risk factors for myopia progression in primary school children: the Anyang childhood eye study","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.05.027","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel nomogram for predicting the occurrence of myopia in schoolchildren: a prospective cohort study","volume":"242","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2023.2202306","article-title":"Predicting the child who will become myopic\u2013can we prevent onset?","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13416","article-title":"Cross-population validation of the PreMO risk indicator for predicting myopia onset in children","volume":"45","author":"Fulton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35696-2","article-title":"Myopia progression risk assessment score (MPRAS): a promising new tool for risk stratification","volume":"13","author":"Manoharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939425003861?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002939425003861?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:38:57Z","timestamp":1772807937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002939425003861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0002939425003861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Axial Length Growth Trajectories in Children Transitioning to Myopia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.07.030","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}