{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T09:26:56Z","timestamp":1794302816005,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/LCG23 May\/0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/LCG23 May\/0032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STaR 24-Jan-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STaR 24-Jan-0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajo.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:49:09Z","timestamp":1786722549000},"page":"163-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Variations in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Phenotypes and Treatment Outcomes Across Singaporean, Canadian Asian, and Canadian Caucasian Populations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4846-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0547-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1123-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa","family":"Gilead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai-Ching","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3358-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chui Ming Gemmy","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.019","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: definition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"125","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03253-4","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease: review and update","volume":"39","author":"Cheung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.002","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Asians","volume":"53","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001872","article-title":"Prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in white patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lorentzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-310074","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a common type of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Caucasians","volume":"101","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.08.006","article-title":"Multimodal imaging comparison of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy between Asian and Caucasian populations","volume":"234","author":"Corvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31649-x","article-title":"Clinical variations of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a cohort study from Japan and the USA","volume":"13","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317537","article-title":"T and genetic variations between Asian and Caucasian polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"105","author":"Jordan-Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000774","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a distinct disease or manifestation of many?","volume":"36","author":"Balaratnasingam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.04.004","article-title":"Progression of pachychoroid neovasculopathy into aneurysmal type 1 choroidal neovascularization or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"6","author":"Siedlecki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04844-z","article-title":"The spectrum of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Caucasians: clinical characteristics and proposal of a classification","volume":"259","author":"van Dijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.0565","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of potential diagnostic features detected using fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"137","author":"Chaikitmongkol","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02764-w","article-title":"Macular neovascularization and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: phenotypic variations, pathogenic mechanisms and implications in management","volume":"38","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.006","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: consensus nomenclature and non-indocyanine green angiograph diagnostic criteria from the Asia-Pacific Ocular Imaging Society PCV Workgroup","volume":"128","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101217","article-title":"Assessing polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy-related OCT features in the TENAYA and LUCERNE trials","volume":"6","author":"Teo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for reporting neovascular age-related macular degeneration data: consensus on neovascular age-related macular degeneration nomenclature study group","volume":"127","author":"Spaide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2017.83","article-title":"Shared genetic variants for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration in East Asians","volume":"62","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3546","article-title":"A missense variant in FGD6 confers increased risk of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02551-3","article-title":"Ethnic differences on long term outcomes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy after predominantly bevacizumab monotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Yap","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101680","article-title":"New concepts for the diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/01.APO.0000656976.47696.7d","article-title":"Genetic association of age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2017.1398327","article-title":"A systematic review of acculturation, obesity and health behaviours among migrants to high-income countries","volume":"33","author":"Alidu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-10-31","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100207","article-title":"Geographic atrophy: understanding the relationship between structure and function","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47738-9","article-title":"Dynamic changes in choroidal conditions during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"9","author":"Nagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293942600468X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000293942600468X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T08:59:42Z","timestamp":1794301182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000293942600468X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["S000293942600468X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9394","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Variations in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Phenotypes and Treatment Outcomes Across Singaporean, Canadian Asian, and Canadian Caucasian Populations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.08.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}