{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:44:25Z","timestamp":1790228665898,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T12:35:15Z","timestamp":1642768515000},"page":"101268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Putting drug resistant epithelial herpes keratitis in the spotlight: A case series"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"De Clerck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1588-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Walgrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Snoeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Blanckaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Mulliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heleen","family":"Delbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000288","article-title":"Antiviral resistance in herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections: diagnosis and management","volume":"29","author":"Piret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1086\/590668","article-title":"Acyclovir\u2010resistant corneal HSV\u20101 isolates from patients with herpetic keratitis","volume":"198","author":"Duan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000015","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus drug-resistance","volume":"26","author":"Andrei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0728-2","article-title":"Association between sensitivity of viral thymidine kinase-associated acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 and virulence","volume":"14","author":"Omura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit350","article-title":"Acyclovir prophylaxis predisposes to antiviral-resistant recurrent herpetic keratitis","volume":"208","author":"van Velzen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.09.013","article-title":"Recurrent herpetic keratitis despite antiviral prophylaxis: a virological and pharmacological study","volume":"146","author":"Rousseau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis237","article-title":"Latent acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 in trigeminal ganglia of immunocompetent individuals","volume":"205","author":"van Velzen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00455033","article-title":"Efficacy of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2\u2019-deoxyuridine in the topical treatment of herpes simplex keratitis","volume":"216","author":"Maudgal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390503","article-title":"Acyclovir for the prevention of recurrent herpes simplex virus eye disease","volume":"339","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5863","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.9.5863-5869.2005","article-title":"Characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase mutants selected under a single round of high-dose brivudin","volume":"79","author":"Andrei","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib11","first-page":"755","article-title":"Foscarnet eyedrops in recurrence prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus keratitis","volume":"76","author":"Fabricius","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02154.x","article-title":"Phosphonoformate (foscarnet, PFA) versus trifluorthymidine in the treatment of keratitis dendritica in the human. A double-blind, randomized, preliminary trial","volume":"70","author":"Behrens-Baumann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib13","first-page":"378","article-title":"Comparative antiviral efficacies of cidofovir, trifluridine, and acyclovir in the HSV-1 rabbit keratitis model","volume":"40","author":"Romanowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S39113","article-title":"Acyclovir-resistant herpetic keratitis in a solid-organ transplant recipient on systemic immunosuppression","volume":"7","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)00992-2","article-title":"The effects of cidofovir 1% with and without cyclosporin a 1% as a topical treatment of acute adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis: a controlled clinical pilot study","volume":"109","author":"Hillenkamp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199413060-00009","article-title":"HPMPC, a broad-spectrum topical antiviral agent, inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 replication and promotes healing of dendritic keratitis in the New Zealand rabbit ocular model","volume":"13","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib17","first-page":"1816","article-title":"(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-methoxypropyl)cytosine in the therapy of thymidine kinase-positive and -deficient herpes simplex virus experimental keratitis","volume":"32","author":"Maudgal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02209.x","article-title":"Aciclovir resistant herpes keratitis","volume":"38","author":"Choong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib19","first-page":"899","article-title":"Clinical investigation of foscarnet sodium eye drops for the treatment of epithelial herpes simplex keratitis","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Eye Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199505000-00017","article-title":"Topical interferon alpha-2a treatment of herpes simplex keratitis resistant to multiple antiviral medications in an immunosuppressed patient","volume":"14","author":"Minkovitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cornea"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451993622000147?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451993622000147?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:04:21Z","timestamp":1762527861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451993622000147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["S2451993622000147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9936","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Putting drug resistant epithelial herpes keratitis in the spotlight: A case series","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101268","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101268"}}