{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:02:45Z","timestamp":1781928165888,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81470772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81470772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017501","name":"Science Health Joint Medical Scientific Research Project of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0307,2018ZDXM020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0307,2018ZDXM020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajodo.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T05:04:32Z","timestamp":1770440672000},"page":"629-639.e1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prediction of skeletal maturity using machine learning based on multiple biological indicators"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Man","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baraa","family":"Daraqel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongqing","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3483-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leilei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.06.030","article-title":"Utility of panoramic radiography for identification of the pubertal growth period","volume":"149","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030257","article-title":"Bone age assessment using various medical imaging techniques enhanced by artificial intelligence","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging11030082","article-title":"Evaluation of the first metacarpal bone head and distal radius bone architecture using fractal analysis of adolescent hand-wrist radiographs","volume":"11","author":"Azla\u011f Pekince","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2022.100716","article-title":"Reliability of salivary biomarkers as skeletal maturity indicators: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Khade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib5","first-page":"88","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation. A clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films","volume":"52","author":"Fishman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2005.04.005","article-title":"The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.03.026","article-title":"Cervical vertebral maturation: are postpubertal stages attained in all subjects?","volume":"157","author":"Perinetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.09.026","article-title":"Cervical vertebral maturation: an objective and transparent code staging system applied to a 6-year longitudinal investigation","volume":"151","author":"Perinetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.03.014","article-title":"Quantitative cervical vertebral maturation assessment in adolescents with normal occlusion: a mixed longitudinal study","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.11.016","article-title":"Diagnostic testing of cervical vertebral maturation staging: an independent assessment","volume":"156","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju085","article-title":"The cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method cannot predict craniofacial growth in girls with Class II malocclusion","volume":"38","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2019.49.5.319","article-title":"Evaluation of skeletal maturity in the cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist in relation to vertical facial types","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2319\/051821-393.1","article-title":"Comparison of abnormalities in the sequence of growth stages in the skeletal maturity index vs cervical vertebral maturation","volume":"92","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-021-02550-7","article-title":"Development of a multi-stage model for intelligent and quantitative appraising of skeletal maturity using cervical vertebras cone-beam CT images of Chinese girls","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.09.012","article-title":"Diagnostic assessment of tooth maturation of the mandibular second molars as a skeletal maturation indicator: a retrospective longitudinal study","volume":"158","author":"Oyonarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-025-00351-1","article-title":"Expert consensus on imaging diagnosis and analysis of early correction of childhood malocclusion","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2024.09.009","article-title":"Automatic 3-dimensional quantification of orthodontically induced root resorption in cone-beam computed tomography images based on deep learning","volume":"167","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2024.01.012","article-title":"The performance of artificial intelligence models in generating responses to general orthodontic questions: ChatGPT vs Google Bard","volume":"165","author":"Daraqel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2022.10.015","article-title":"Machine-learning-based detection of degenerative temporomandibular joint diseases using lateral cephalograms","volume":"163","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2023.01.017","article-title":"XGBoost-aided prediction of lip prominence based on hard-tissue measurements and demographic characteristics in an Asian population","volume":"164","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib21","first-page":"211","article-title":"A new system of dental age assessment","volume":"45","author":"Demirjian","year":"1973","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)81006-6","article-title":"Timing of cervical headgear treatment based on skeletal maturation","volume":"104","author":"Kopecky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20130238","article-title":"New software for cervical vertebral geometry assessment and its relationship to skeletal maturation\u2014a pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Santiago","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib24","first-page":"6639","article-title":"CatBoost: unbiased boosting with categorical features","volume":"31","author":"Prokhorenkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib25","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon)","first-page":"35","article-title":"A quick review of machine learning algorithms","author":"Ray","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2319\/041224-295.1","article-title":"Correlations of spheno-occipital synchondrosis, cervical vertebrae, midpalatal suture, and third molar maturation stages","volume":"94","author":"Booth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2023.04.008","article-title":"Treatment of Class II malocclusion in the growing patient: early or late?","volume":"29","author":"Giuntini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-024-00523-5","article-title":"Mapping an intelligent algorithm for predicting female adolescents\u2019 cervical vertebrae maturation stage with high recall and accuracy","volume":"25","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2319\/051611-334.1","article-title":"Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular second molar calcification stages","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.20210231","article-title":"Assessment of maturation stages and the accuracy of age estimation methods in a Turkish population: a comparative study","volume":"52","author":"Magat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Imaging Sci Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib31","first-page":"175","article-title":"Estimation of the bone biological age using machine learning","volume":"1","author":"Slipchenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eureka: PE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib32","first-page":"118","article-title":"Use of skeletal maturation based on hand\u2013wrist radiographic analysis as a predictor of facial growth: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Flores-Mir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2022.07.018","article-title":"Deep focus approach for accurate bone age estimation from lateral cephalogram","volume":"18","author":"Seo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12514","article-title":"Prediction of hand-wrist maturation stages based on cervical vertebrae images using artificial intelligence","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib35","article-title":"Machine learning-based models for prediction of the risk of stroke in coronary artery disease patients receiving coronary revascularization","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02643-8","article-title":"How successful is the CatBoost classifier in diagnosing different dental anomalies in patients via sella turcica and vertebral morphologic alteration?","volume":"24","author":"Gonca","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1768974","article-title":"Optimal treatment timing in orthodontics: a scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Hamidaddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(86)80027-7","article-title":"ALARA and an integrated approach to radiation protection","volume":"16","author":"Hendee","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889540626000090?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889540626000090?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:29:57Z","timestamp":1778761797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889540626000090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889540626000090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-5406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-5406","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prediction of skeletal maturity using machine learning based on multiple biological indicators","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.11.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 by the American Association of Orthodontists. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}