{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T20:04:41Z","timestamp":1779998681030,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,5,26]],"date-time":"2027-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1811289600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":359,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE024450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE024450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajodo.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T20:35:28Z","timestamp":1771619728000},"page":"753-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated artificial intelligence\u2013driven 3-dimensional craniofacial superimposition for clinically useful treatment outcomes in growing patients: A multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Anchling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4434-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Ray","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Gillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3778-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0701-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Gurgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilia","family":"Yatabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0258-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brent E.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Carlos","family":"De Oliveira Ruellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9786-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Cevidanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2010.08.012","article-title":"Clinical application of 3D imaging for assessment of treatment outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.10.037","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic patients with 3-dimensional dentofacial records","volume":"151","author":"Manosudprasit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.11.017","article-title":"A comparison between 2D and 3D cephalometry on CBCT scans of human skulls","volume":"39","author":"van Vlijmen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2015.07.003","article-title":"3D analysis and clinical applications of CBCT images","volume":"21","author":"Bayome","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0057-4","article-title":"Genome-wide mapping of global-to-local genetic effects on human facial shape","volume":"50","author":"Claes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12247","article-title":"Evaluation of morphological changes in the adult skull with age and sex","volume":"229","author":"Urban","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(94)70036-2","article-title":"Facial and dental changes in adulthood","volume":"106","author":"Bishara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/17102411","article-title":"Superimposition of 3D cone-beam CT models of orthognathic surgery patients","volume":"34","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.12.008","article-title":"Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models","volume":"129","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.04.016","article-title":"Working with DICOM craniofacial images","volume":"136","author":"Grauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib11","first-page":"387","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of mandibular growth and Class II treatment response","volume":"128","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib12","first-page":"161","article-title":"The morphological and morphogenetic basis for craniofacial form and pattern","volume":"41","author":"Enlow","year":"1971","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib13","first-page":"127","article-title":"Contrasting mandibular growth and facial development in long face syndrome, juvenile rheumatoid polyarthritis, and mandibulofacial dysostosis","volume":"1","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70276-8","article-title":"Headgear versus function regulator in the early treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"113","author":"Ghafari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118810","article-title":"Evaluation of 3-dimensional superimposition techniques on various skeletal structures of the head using surface models","volume":"10","author":"Gkantidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib16","series-title":"Craniofacial 3D imaging","first-page":"51","article-title":"3D imaging to assess growth and treatment effects","author":"Koerich","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6033","DOI":"10.3390\/app11136033","article-title":"Digital (R)evolution: open-source softwares for orthodontics","volume":"11","author":"Federici Canova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010127","article-title":"A user-friendly protocol for mandibular segmentation of CBCT images for superimposition and internal structure analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2022.10.004","article-title":"Comparison of two 3-dimensional user-friendly voxel-based maxillary and 2-dimensional superimposition methods","volume":"163","author":"Sheeran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04088-x","article-title":"Digital registration versus cone-beam computed tomography for evaluating implant position: a prospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib21","first-page":"43","article-title":"Automated orientation and registration of cone-beam computed tomography scans","volume":"14242","author":"Anchling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Image Based Proced Fairness AI Med Imaging Ethical Philos Issues Med Imaging (2023)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275033","article-title":"Automatic multi-anatomical skull structure segmentation of cone-beam computed tomography scans using 3D UNETR","volume":"17","author":"Gillot","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.05.011","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone-beam computed technology evaluation of skeletal and dental changes in growing patients with Class II malocclusion treated with the cervical pull face-bow headgear appliance","volume":"162","author":"Bates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.04.021","article-title":"Cranial base superimposition for 3-dimensional evaluation of soft-tissue changes","volume":"137","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157625","article-title":"3D mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration","volume":"11","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.07.026","article-title":"Three-dimensional mandibular regional superimposition in growing patients","volume":"153","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60946-7_5","article-title":"3D Slicer craniomaxillofacial modules support patient-specific decision-making for personalized healthcare in dental research","volume":"12445","author":"Bianchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimodal Learn Clin Decis Support Clin Image Based Proc (2020)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.09.026","article-title":"Comparison and reproducibility of 2 regions of reference for maxillary regional registration with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"149","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12281","article-title":"3D superimposition of craniofacial imaging-the utility of multicentre collaborations","volume":"22","author":"Yatabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.05.010","article-title":"Soft tissue changes measured with three-dimensional software provides new insights for surgical predictions","volume":"75","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05513-9","article-title":"Evaluation of condylar and mandibular movements on the upper airway during the use of mandibular advancement device for obstructive sleep apnea treatment","volume":"28","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.07.025","article-title":"Precision and reliability of Dolphin 3-dimensional voxel-based superimposition","volume":"153","author":"Bazina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241311263","article-title":"A critical evaluation of image superimposition in dentistry","volume":"104","author":"Nada","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.01.018","article-title":"Superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models of growing patients","volume":"136","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14010033","article-title":"Four-dimensional superimposition techniques to compose dental dynamic virtual patients: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104593","article-title":"Ethical considerations on artificial intelligence in dentistry: a framework and checklist","volume":"135","author":"Rokhshad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dent"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889540626000338?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889540626000338?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T19:39:41Z","timestamp":1779997181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889540626000338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889540626000338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-5406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-5406","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Automated artificial intelligence\u2013driven 3-dimensional craniofacial superimposition for clinically useful treatment outcomes in growing patients: A multicenter study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2025.12.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 by the American Association of Orthodontists. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}