{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:22:17Z","timestamp":1789503737829,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009235","name":"Australian Society of Orthodontists Foundation for Research and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajodo.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:45:04Z","timestamp":1789159504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-dimensional changes in patients with Class II malocclusion treated with the Twin-block functional appliance: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-1760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie M.","family":"Isaksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7604-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo M.","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia S.","family":"Cevidanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2776-4441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8050-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie A.","family":"Cornelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib1","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Global distribution of malocclusion traits: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent Press J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey","volume":"13","author":"Proffit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.119801","article-title":"Dentoalveolar changes related to mandibular forward growth in untreated Class II persons","volume":"120","author":"You","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2013.12.006","article-title":"Class II malocclusion: the aftermath of a \u201cperfect storm\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Tsourakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib5","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of class II malocclusion in children 8-10 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(97)80055-2","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in class II division 1 subjects","volume":"3","author":"Ngan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599.e1-12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.11.010","article-title":"Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Cozza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.02.028","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment changes of chin position in Class II Division 1 patients","volume":"130","author":"LaHaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90463-8","article-title":"Histologic analysis of temporomandibular joint adaptation to protrusive function in young adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"82","author":"McNamara","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/4.2.129","article-title":"The twin block traction technique","volume":"4","author":"Clark","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(88)90188-6","article-title":"The twin block technique. A functional orthopedic appliance system","volume":"93","author":"Clark","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1179\/14653121043110","article-title":"Design and management of Twin Blocks: reflections after 30 years of clinical use","volume":"37","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0339-8","article-title":"Effect of removable functional appliances on mandibular length in patients with class II with retrognathism: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Santamar\u00eda-Villegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju030","article-title":"Short-term treatment effects produced by the Twin-block appliance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Ehsani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141198","article-title":"Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in pre-pubertal and pubertal Class II patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies","volume":"10","author":"Perinetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2004.01.003","article-title":"Bone modeling: biomechanics, molecular mechanisms, and clinical perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju071","article-title":"Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Koretsi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90028-5","article-title":"The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification","volume":"60","author":"Baumrind","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90116-3","article-title":"The reliability of head film measurements. 2. Conventional angular and linear measures","volume":"60","author":"Baumrind","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/7.2.127","article-title":"Accuracy of different methods of radiographic superimposition on cranial base structures","volume":"7","author":"Houston","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju036","article-title":"Accuracy of linear measurements using three imaging modalities: two lateral cephalograms and one 3D model from CBCT data","volume":"37","author":"Pittayapat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/81889955","article-title":"Comparison of reliability in anatomical landmark identification using two-dimensional digital cephalometrics and three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography in vivo","volume":"38","author":"Chien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.05.039","article-title":"Observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on cone-beam computerized tomography","volume":"107","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312.e1-10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.12.018","article-title":"Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional cephalometric views","volume":"136","author":"Ludlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2020.50.2.86","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis of temporomandibular joint response to the Twin-block functional appliance","volume":"50","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-018-0137-1","article-title":"Three-dimensional skeletal, dentoalveolar and temporomandibular joint changes produced by Twin Block functional appliance","volume":"79","author":"Elfeky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cjaf038","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf038","article-title":"Three-dimensional condyle and glenoid fossa alterations after class II treatment with twin block and herbst functional appliances\u2014a randomized clinical trial","volume":"47","author":"Ch\u00e1vez-Sevillano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cjaf071","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf071","article-title":"Condylar morphology and position changes following functional appliance treatment: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Mbyayingabo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.11.037","article-title":"Three-dimensional treatment outcomes in Class II patients with different vertical facial patterns treated with the Herbst appliance","volume":"154","author":"Atresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.09.011","article-title":"Three-dimensional condylar changes from Herbst appliance and multibracket treatment: a comparison with matched Class II elastics","volume":"158","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib31","first-page":"2195585","article-title":"Artificial intelligence applications in orthodontics","volume":"51","author":"Miranda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12642","article-title":"Automatic landmark identification in cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"26","author":"Gillot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275033","article-title":"Automatic multi-anatomical skull structure segmentation of cone-beam computed tomography scans using 3D UNETR","volume":"17","author":"Gillot","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.01.018","article-title":"Superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models of growing patients","volume":"136","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.12.008","article-title":"Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models","volume":"129","author":"Cevidanes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157625","article-title":"3D mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration","volume":"11","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.09.026","article-title":"Comparison and reproducibility of 2 regions of reference for maxillary regional registration with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"149","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12299","article-title":"3D landmarks of Craniofacial Imaging and subsequent considerations on superimpositions in orthodontics-The Aarhus perspective","volume":"22","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.11.045","article-title":"Three-dimensional skeletal and dentoalveolar sagittal and vertical changes associated with cantilever Herbst appliance in prepubertal patients with Class II malocclusion","volume":"161","author":"Sangalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.10.021","article-title":"Common 3-dimensional coordinate system for assessment of directional changes","volume":"149","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70232-X","article-title":"Treatment effects of the twin block appliance: a cephalometric study","volume":"114","author":"Mills","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.05.021","article-title":"Case-control studies: Part 1","volume":"146","author":"Pandis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.2319\/112713-869.1","article-title":"Condylar response to functional therapy with Twin-Block as shown by cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"84","author":"Yildirim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju052","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects of the Bite-Jumping Appliance and the Twin-Block Appliance in the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Burhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.4.375","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint growth adaptation in Herbst treatment: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric roentgenographic study","volume":"20","author":"Ruf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.07.014","article-title":"Three-dimensional treatment outcomes in Class II patients treated with the Herbst appliance: a pilot study","volume":"144","author":"LeCornu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib47","first-page":"e565","article-title":"Impact of functional mandibular advancement appliances on the temporomandibular joint\u2014a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Ivorra-Carbonell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(98)80041-8","article-title":"An evaluation of two-phase treatment with the Herbst appliance and preadjusted edgewise therapy","volume":"4","author":"Lai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70006-I","article-title":"Changes in mandibular length before, during, and after successful orthopedic correction of Class II malocclusions, using a functional appliance","volume":"99","author":"DeVincenzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889540626003987?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889540626003987?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:00:10Z","timestamp":1789502410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889540626003987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0889540626003987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-5406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-5406","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Three-dimensional changes in patients with Class II malocclusion treated with the Twin-block functional appliance: A case-control study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2026.06.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Association of Orthodontists.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}