{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:25:48Z","timestamp":1788269148482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,26]],"date-time":"2005-02-26T19:43:45Z","timestamp":1109447025000},"page":"678-689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["A short cervix in women with preterm labor and intact membranes: A risk factor for microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyh Kae","family":"Nien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinnakorn","family":"Chaiworapongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon Mee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Hyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Carstens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay D.","family":"Iams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogelio","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90409-2","article-title":"Infection and labor: V. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"161","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90447-Y","article-title":"Microbiologic causes and neonatal outcomes associated with chorioamnion infection","volume":"165","author":"Hillier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib3","first-page":"539","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis in the preterm gestation","volume":"59","author":"Garite","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199312000-00004","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and intraamniotic infection","volume":"36","author":"Newton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70272-8","article-title":"The fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"179","author":"Gomez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90028-4","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6: a sensitive test for antenatal diagnosis of acute inflammatory lesions of preterm placenta and prediction of perinatal morbidity","volume":"172","author":"Yoon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib7","first-page":"75","article-title":"Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of maternal and neonatal infection","volume":"79","author":"Seo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(97)00236-4","article-title":"Elevated interleukin-8 concentrations in amniotic fluid of mothers whose neonates subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"78","author":"Ghezzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.2.210","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and early lung inflammation in infants in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia develops","volume":"97","author":"Watterberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70299-1","article-title":"A systemic fetal inflammatory response and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"181","author":"Yoon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib11","first-page":"330","article-title":"Amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin 6 identify fetuses at risk for the development of periventricular leucomalacia","volume":"174","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70585-9","article-title":"Interleukin-6 concentrations in umbilical cord plasma are elevated in neonates with white matter lesions associated with periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"174","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70432-0","article-title":"Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy","volume":"177","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.104207","article-title":"Fetal exposure to an intra-amniotic inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy at the age of three years","volume":"182","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1159\/000264246","article-title":"Maternal assessment in the prediction of intrauterine infection in preterm prelabor amniorrhexis","volume":"10","author":"Carroll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(96)00339-0","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and amniotic fluid white blood cell count in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"88","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00380-0","article-title":"Maternal blood C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and temperature in preterm labor: a comparison with amniotic fluid white blood cell count","volume":"87","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(88)90503-0","article-title":"The value and limitations of the Gram stain examination in the diagnosis of intraamniotic infection","volume":"159","author":"Romero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91106-M","article-title":"Amniotic fluid glucose concentration: a rapid and simple method for the detection of intraamniotic infection in preterm labor","volume":"163","author":"Romero","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90423-O","article-title":"Amniotic fluid white blood cell count: a rapid and simple test to diagnose microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and predict preterm delivery","volume":"165","author":"Romero","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90014-A","article-title":"A comparative study of the diagnostic performance of amniotic fluid glucose, white blood cell count, interleukin-6, and Gram stain in the detection of microbial invasion in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"169","author":"Romero","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90009-8","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of amniotic fluid white blood cell count, glucose, interleukin-6, and Gram stain in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"169","author":"Romero","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199109000-00002","article-title":"Intraamniotic infection in patients with intact membranes and preterm labor","volume":"46","author":"Armer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.09.034","article-title":"Cervico-vaginal fibronectin improves the prediction of preterm delivery based upon sonographic cervical length in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"192","author":"Gomez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.1.1","article-title":"Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term","volume":"145","author":"Gibbs","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2002.0121","article-title":"Infection and prematurity and the role of preventive strategies","volume":"7","author":"Romero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80041-3","article-title":"Systemic tocolysis for premature labor is associated with an increased incidence of pulmonary edema in the presence of maternal infection","volume":"159","author":"Hatjis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90111-X","article-title":"Silent chorioamnionitis as a cause of preterm labor refractory to tocolytic therapy","volume":"149","author":"Hameed","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80030-9","article-title":"Intraamniotic infection and the onset of labor in preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"159","author":"Romero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109035","article-title":"The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord (funisitis), umbilical cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, amniotic fluid infection, and neonatal sepsis","volume":"183","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.11.1.18.25","article-title":"Funisitis and chorionic vasculitis: the histological counterpart of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Pacora","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1668S","article-title":"Micronutrients and intrauterine infection, preterm birth and the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Romero","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib33","first-page":"S202","article-title":"The role of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the neutrophilia observed in the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"178","author":"Berry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70114-0","article-title":"An increase in fetal plasma cortisol but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is followed by the onset of preterm labor in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"179","author":"Yoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib35","first-page":"S27","article-title":"A novel form of fetal cardiac dysfunction in preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"180","author":"Romero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib36","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The fetal inflammatory response syndrome is characterized by the outpouring of a potent extracellular matrix degrading enzyme into the fetal circulation","volume":"178","author":"Romero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199707000-00001","article-title":"Maternal intrauterine infection, cytokines, and brain damage in the preterm newborn","volume":"42","author":"Dammann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery","volume":"342","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.00063.x","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and the development of cerebral palsy","volume":"110","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90777-5","article-title":"A rabbit model for bacteria-induced preterm pregnancy loss","volume":"163","author":"Dombroski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70271-0","article-title":"Experimentally induced intrauterine infection causes fetal brain white matter lesions in rabbits","volume":"177","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70203-X","article-title":"Fetal and maternal endocrine responses to experimental intrauterine infection in rhesus monkeys","volume":"174","author":"Gravett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.119640","article-title":"Chronic intrauterine infection and inflammation in the preterm rabbit, despite antibiotic therapy","volume":"186","author":"Gibbs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1998.12020086.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of the uterine cervix and interleukin-8 concentrations in cervical secretions predict intrauterine infection in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"12","author":"Rizzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199203000-00005","article-title":"The association of occult amniotic fluid infection with gestational age and neonatal outcome among women in preterm labor","volume":"79","author":"Watts","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)80043-3","article-title":"Infection and labor: VIII. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in patients with suspected cervical incompetence: prevalence and clinical significance","volume":"167","author":"Romero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib47","first-page":"652","article-title":"Amniocentesis for selection before rescue cerclage","volume":"95","author":"Mays","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)80080-4","article-title":"MAternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network, BM. The Preterm Prediction Study: cervical length and perinatal infection","volume":"176","author":"Iams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70142-5","article-title":"Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with a robust host response in fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments","volume":"179","author":"Yoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00122-7","article-title":"Isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from the amniotic cavity and adverse outcome in preterm labor","volume":"92","author":"Yoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109036","article-title":"Clinical implications of detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the amniotic cavity with the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"183","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00839-1","article-title":"The clinical significance of detecting Ureaplasma urealyticum by the polymerase chain reaction in the amniotic fluid of patients with preterm labor","volume":"189","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib53","series-title":"The fetus as a patient","first-page":"90","article-title":"Sonographic examination of the uterine cervix","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib54","first-page":"42S","article-title":"Uterine activity and symptoms as predictors of preterm labor","volume":"76","author":"Iams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib55","first-page":"39S","article-title":"Antepartum uterine activity characteristics differentiating true from threatened preterm labor","volume":"76","author":"Newman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91084-P","article-title":"Prediction of risk for preterm delivery by ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length","volume":"163","author":"Andersen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602293340904","article-title":"The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network","volume":"334","author":"Iams","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106851","article-title":"Patients with an ultrasonographic cervical length < or=15 mm have nearly a 50% risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"182","author":"Hassan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109053251001","article-title":"Fetal fibronectin in cervical and vaginal secretions as a predictor of preterm delivery","volume":"325","author":"Lockwood","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90182-5","article-title":"Fetal fibronectin improves the accuracy of diagnosis of preterm labor","volume":"173","author":"Iams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00035-X","article-title":"The preterm prediction study: fetal fibronectin testing and spontaneous preterm birth. NICHD Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network","volume":"87","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70612-5","article-title":"Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin as a marker for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Leitich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib63","first-page":"294","article-title":"Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum from amniotic fluid at 16-20 weeks of gestation: potential effect on outcome of pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Cassell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib64","first-page":"375","article-title":"Infection of the amniotic cavity with Ureaplasma urealyticum in the midtrimester of pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Horowitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123034","article-title":"Antimicrobial factors in the cervical mucus plug","volume":"187","author":"Hein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.116685","article-title":"An in vitro study of antibacterial properties of the cervical mucus plug in pregnancy","volume":"185","author":"Hein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib67","first-page":"S103","article-title":"The uterine cervix expresses the pattern-recognition receptors: toll-like receptors-2 and -4","volume":"189","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70517-9","article-title":"Detection of human defensin-5 in reproductive tissues","volume":"176","author":"Svinarich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib69","first-page":"1247","article-title":"Gene expression, immunolocalization, and secretion of human defensin-5 in human female reproductive tract","volume":"152","author":"Quayle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332604","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group","volume":"333","author":"Hillier","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib71","first-page":"861","article-title":"A comparison of intrapartum versus immediate postpartum treatment of intra-amniotic infection","volume":"70","author":"Sperling","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80012-7","article-title":"Intrapartum treatment of acute chorioamnionitis: impact on neonatal sepsis","volume":"159","author":"Gilstrap","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198812000-00001","article-title":"A randomized trial of intrapartum versus immediate postpartum treatment of women with intra-amniotic infection","volume":"72","author":"Gibbs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000294878","article-title":"Antibiotic concentration in maternal blood, cord blood and placental tissue in women with chorioamnionitis","volume":"33","author":"Maberry","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13339.x","article-title":"The transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin","volume":"107","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.14.1.57.64","article-title":"The effect of antibiotic therapy on intrauterine infection-induced preterm parturition in rabbits","volume":"14","author":"Fidel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.002","article-title":"Immunomodulators plus antibiotics to prevent preterm delivery in experimental intra-amniotic infection (IAI)","volume":"189","author":"Gravett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70192-0","article-title":"Early-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: a report from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network","volume":"129","author":"Stoll","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib79","first-page":"525","article-title":"The very preterm infant\u2014a population-based study","volume":"80","author":"Holmgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000244245","article-title":"Impaired neutrophil phagocytosis in preterm neonates: lack of correlation with expression of immunoglobulin or complement receptors","volume":"68","author":"Falconer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F46","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.1.F46","article-title":"Impaired phagocytosis and opsonisation towards group B streptococci in preterm neonates","volume":"78","author":"Kallman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90418-9","article-title":"An experimental model for intraamniotic infection and preterm labor in rhesus monkeys","volume":"171","author":"Gravett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.063","article-title":"The frequency and clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"189","author":"Shim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117680","article-title":"Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"185","author":"Yoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/1071-5576(96)82594-9","article-title":"Outcome of low-risk pregnancies with evidence of intraamniotic viral infection detected by PCR on amniotic obtained at second trimester genetic amniocentesis","volume":"3","author":"Yankowitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70115-2","article-title":"Specific detection of 16 micro-organisms in amniotic fluid by polymerase chain reaction and its correlation with preterm delivery occurrence","volume":"179","author":"Oyarzun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937804018575?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937804018575?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:58:31Z","timestamp":1757584711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937804018575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937804018575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A short cervix in women with preterm labor and intact membranes: A risk factor for microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.624","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}