{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:39:12Z","timestamp":1780731552012,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T12:13:06Z","timestamp":1143893586000},"page":"1450-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Anal sphincter defects and bowel symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter trauma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viswanathan","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth H.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204093261507","article-title":"Fecal incontinence","volume":"326","author":"Madoff","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib2","first-page":"731","article-title":"Anal incontinence and the obstetrician-gynecologist","volume":"84","author":"Toglia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92213-6","article-title":"Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence","volume":"344","author":"Kamm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib4","first-page":"477","article-title":"Traditional care of the perineum during birth. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study of 1,076 women","volume":"47","author":"Mayerhofer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6933.887","article-title":"Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair","volume":"308","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib6","first-page":"527","article-title":"Incontinence following rupture of the anal sphincter during delivery","volume":"82","author":"Crawford","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery","volume":"329","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib8","first-page":"955","article-title":"Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage","volume":"92","author":"Donnelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.03.045","article-title":"Differences in outcomes after third- versus fourth-degree perineal laceration repair: a prospective study","volume":"193","author":"Nichols","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.03197.x","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome according to varying diagnostic criteria: are the new Rome II criteria unnecessarily restrictive for research and practice?","volume":"95","author":"Boyce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0899-y","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Modified Manchester Health Questionnaire in assessing patients with fecal incontinence","volume":"48","author":"Kwon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09557.x","article-title":"Anal and urinary incontinence in women with obstetric anal sphincter rupture","volume":"103","author":"Tetzschner","year":"1996","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)81819-7","article-title":"Endosonography of the anal sphincters: normal anatomy and comparison with manometry","volume":"49","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810349","article-title":"Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically","volume":"81","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049319","article-title":"Prospective study of the extent of internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy","volume":"37","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib16","first-page":"21","article-title":"Anal sphincter tears at vaginal delivery: risk factors and clinical outcome of primary repair","volume":"94","author":"Zetterstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08269.x","article-title":"Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: a prospective study in primiparous women","volume":"106","author":"Zetterstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0006-9","article-title":"Primary sphincter repair: are the results of the operation good enough?","volume":"47","author":"Pinta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00858.x","article-title":"Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: long-term clinical and functional results after primary repair","volume":"85","author":"Poen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235567","article-title":"Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study","volume":"43","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115997","article-title":"Anal function: effect of pregnancy and delivery","volume":"185","author":"Chaliha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00495-X","article-title":"Can we improve on the diagnosis of third degree tears?","volume":"101","author":"Groom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib23","first-page":"442","article-title":"Occult anal sphincter injuries\u2014myth or reality?","volume":"23","author":"Andrews","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-2-9","article-title":"Management of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review and national practice survey","volume":"2","author":"Fernando","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib25","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Episiotomy and perineal repair. An evaluation of resident education and experience","volume":"47","author":"McLennan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.105403","article-title":"Severe perineal lacerations during vaginal delivery: the University of Miami experience","volume":"182","author":"Angioli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib27","first-page":"23","article-title":"Association of spontaneous perineal stretching during delivery with perineal lacerations","volume":"50","author":"Walfisch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib28","first-page":"678","article-title":"Obstetric practice and faecal incontinence three months after delivery","volume":"108","author":"MacArthur","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00545.x","article-title":"Correlation of birth injury with maternal height and birthweight","volume":"112","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.547","article-title":"Risk factors for perineal injury during delivery","volume":"189","author":"Christianson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.09.035","article-title":"Factors predicting severe perineal trauma during childbirth: role of forceps delivery routinely combined with mediolateral episiotomy","volume":"192","author":"Hudelist","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-005-1297-2","article-title":"Risk factors for obstetrical anal sphincter lacerations","volume":"16","author":"Dandolu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937806000998?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937806000998?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T11:39:24Z","timestamp":1715945964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937806000998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937806000998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anal sphincter defects and bowel symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter trauma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Mosby, Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}