{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:55:21Z","timestamp":1785412521848,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,2]],"date-time":"2006-09-02T07:22:12Z","timestamp":1157181732000},"page":"749-754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Operative vaginal delivery and midline episiotomy: A bad combination for the perineum"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Bela","family":"Kudish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Gene","family":"Mcneeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bujold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib1","first-page":"326","article-title":"Anal Incontinence after childbirth","volume":"166","author":"Eason","year":"2002","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.09.030","article-title":"Fecal and urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery with anal sphincter disruption in an obstetrics unit in the United States","volume":"189","author":"Fenner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000147597.45349.e8","article-title":"Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: A five-year prospective cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Pollack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4369","article-title":"Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage","volume":"90","author":"Oberwalder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery","volume":"329","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib6","first-page":"955","article-title":"Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage","volume":"92","author":"Donnelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-536X.2002.00182.x","article-title":"U.S. trends in obstetric procedures, 1990-2000","volume":"29","author":"Kozak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-9523(00)00003-9","article-title":"Clinician-specific episiotomy rates: Impact on perineal outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Low","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in the attendant, place, and timing of births, and in the use of obstetric interventions: United States, 1989-97","volume":"47","author":"Curtin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib10","first-page":"583","article-title":"The value of routine episiotomy in forceps deliveries","volume":"22","author":"Steed","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib11","first-page":"276","article-title":"Does midline episiotomy increase the risk of third- and fourth-degree lacerations in operative vaginal deliveries?","volume":"82","author":"Helwig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70104-3","article-title":"Episiotomy, operative vaginal delivery, and significant perineal trauma in nulliparous women","volume":"181","author":"Robinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.17.2141","article-title":"Outcomes of routine episiotomy","volume":"293","author":"Hartmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib14","series-title":"Williams Obstetrics","author":"Cunningham","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.047","article-title":"The impact of occiput posterior fetal head position on the risk of anal sphincter injury in forceps-assisted vaginal deliveries","volume":"192","author":"Benavides","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.044","article-title":"How long is too long: Does a prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous women affect maternal and neonatal outcomes?","volume":"191","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib17","first-page":"685","article-title":"An odd measure of risk: Use and misuse of the odds ratio","volume":"98","author":"Holcomb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib18","article-title":"Does episiotomy prevent perineal trauma and pelvic floor relaxation?","author":"Klein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Online J Curr Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000446","article-title":"Vacuum extraction versus forceps for assisted vaginal delivery","volume":"2","author":"Johansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib20","first-page":"239","article-title":"Management of the perineum during forceps delivery: association of episiotomy with the frequency and severity of perineal trauma in women undergoing forceps delivery","volume":"48","author":"Bodner-Adler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90678-4","article-title":"Risk factors for third-degree and fourth-degree perineal lacerations in forceps and vacuum deliveries","volume":"163","author":"Combs","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70507-6","article-title":"Is there a benefit to episiotomy at operative vaginal delivery? Observations over ten years in a stable population","volume":"176","author":"Ecker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937806008611?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937806008611?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:17:11Z","timestamp":1757585831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937806008611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937806008611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Operative vaginal delivery and midline episiotomy: A bad combination for the perineum","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.078","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}