{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:58:56Z","timestamp":1783763936918,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,25]],"date-time":"2009-02-25T04:59:34Z","timestamp":1235537974000},"page":"573.e1-573.e7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Episiotomy in the United States: has anything changed?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Frankman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clareann H.","family":"Bunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry L.","family":"Lowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib1","series-title":"Treatise of midwifery","author":"Ould","year":"1742"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The prophylactic forceps operation","author":"DeLee","year":"1920","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib3","first-page":"78","article-title":"Shall we cut and reconstruct the perineum for every primipara?","author":"Pomeroy","year":"1918","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Dis Women Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000232504.32589.3b","article-title":"Fecal and urinary incontinence in primiparous women","volume":"108","author":"Borello-France","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.102960","article-title":"Fistula in ano as a rare complication of mediolateral episiotomy: report of three cases","volume":"182","author":"Barranger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.02.064","article-title":"Incidence, severity , and determinants of perineal pain after vaginal delivery: a prospective cohort study","volume":"191","author":"Macarthur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.113855","article-title":"Postpartum sexual functioning and its relationship to perineal trauma: a retrospective cohort study of primiparous women","volume":"184","author":"Signorello","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/01443618609112284","article-title":"Episiotomy and the perineum: a random controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"House","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000119223.04441.c9","article-title":"The effects of mediolateral episiotomy on pelvic floor function after vaginal delivery","volume":"103","author":"Sartore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198306000-00003","article-title":"Benefits and risks of episiotomy: an interpretative review of the English language literature, 1860-1980","volume":"38","author":"Thacker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib11","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Episiotomy use in the United States, 1979-1997","volume":"100","author":"Weber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000081","article-title":"Episiotomy for vaginal birth","author":"Carroli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and operation of the National Hospital Discharge Survey: 1988 redesign","author":"Dennison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.15.1458","article-title":"Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines?","volume":"282","author":"Cabana","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib15","first-page":"732","article-title":"Factors associated with rectal injury in spontaneous deliveries","volume":"73","author":"Green","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70104-3","article-title":"Episiotomy, operative vaginal delivery, and significant perineal trauma in nulliparous women","volume":"181","author":"Robinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000242616.56617.ff","article-title":"Risk factors for anal sphincter tear during vaginal delivery","volume":"109","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01364.x","article-title":"Risk factors for fecal and urinary incontinence after childbirth: the childbirth and pelvic symptoms study","volume":"102","author":"Burgio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70370-4","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of women after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration","volume":"181","author":"Kammerer-Doak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000147597.45349.e8","article-title":"Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: a five year prospective cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Pollack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(90)90136-O","article-title":"Anal sphincter function after delivery: a prospective study in women with sphincter rupture and controls","volume":"35","author":"Haddem","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02570.x","article-title":"Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study","volume":"97","author":"All","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211734","article-title":"Vacuum and forceps training in residency: experience and self-reported competency","volume":"27","author":"Powell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib24","first-page":"395","article-title":"Has the use of routine episiotomy decreased?","volume":"99","author":"Goldberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000103997.83468.70","article-title":"Episiotomy use among residents and faculty compared with private practitioners","volume":"103","author":"Howden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000260958.94655.f2","article-title":"Anal sphincter laceration at vaginal delivery: is this event coded accurately?","volume":"109","author":"Brubaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)80021-4","article-title":"Is there a benefit to episiotomy at spontaneous vaginal delivery?","volume":"175","author":"Bansal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70507-6","article-title":"Is there a benefit to episiotomy at operative vaginal delivery?","volume":"176","author":"Ecker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022_bib29","first-page":"957","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin: episiotomy","volume":"107","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937808022412?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937808022412?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:32:40Z","timestamp":1757586760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937808022412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937808022412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Episiotomy in the United States: has anything changed?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}