{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:11:47Z","timestamp":1781647907117,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]],"date-time":"2009-12-30T04:13:04Z","timestamp":1262146384000},"page":"378.e1-378.e7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The incidence of urinary incontinence across Asian, black, and white women in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary C.","family":"Curhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil M.","family":"Resnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Grodstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib1","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women","volume":"100","author":"Sampselle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00039-X","article-title":"Differences in prevalence of urinary incontinence by race\/ethnicity","volume":"175","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk018","article-title":"Factors associated with prevalent and incident urinary incontinence in a cohort of midlife women: a longitudinal analysis of data: study of women's health across the nation","volume":"165","author":"Waetjen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm356","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for urine leakage in a racially and ethnically diverse population of adults: the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey","volume":"167","author":"Tennstedt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01509.x","article-title":"Correlates of urinary, fecal, and dual incontinence in older African-American and white men and women","volume":"56","author":"Markland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.11.051","article-title":"Establishing the prevalence of incontinence study: racial differences in women's patterns of urinary incontinence","volume":"179","author":"Fenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.03.052","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction in Asian-American women","volume":"195","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00361-2","article-title":"Association of age, race, and obstetric history with urinary symptoms among women in the Nurses' Health Study","volume":"189","author":"Grodstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.051","article-title":"Risk factors for urinary incontinence among middle-aged women","volume":"194","author":"Danforth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.081","article-title":"Urinary incontinence prevalence: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"179","author":"Dooley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181660c1b","article-title":"Prevalence and co-occurrence of pelvic floor disorders in community-dwelling women","volume":"111","author":"Lawrence","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib12","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Architectural differences in the bony pelvis of women with and without pelvic floor disorders","volume":"102","author":"Handa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.11.069","article-title":"Population based study of incidence and predictors of urinary incontinence in black and white older adults","volume":"179","author":"Goode","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1997.6.49","article-title":"The Nurses' Health Study: 20-year contribution to the understanding of health among women","volume":"6","author":"Colditz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66768-5","article-title":"Preference, compliance and initial outcome of therapeutic options chosen by female patients with urinary incontinence","volume":"154","author":"Diokno","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib16","series-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib17","series-title":"The analysis of survival data","author":"Cox","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000255973.92450.24","article-title":"Physical activity and urinary incontinence among healthy, older women","volume":"109","author":"Danforth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000107290.33034.6f","article-title":"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of developing urinary incontinence","volume":"103","author":"Grodstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)41720-4","article-title":"Clinical and cystometric characteristics of continent and incontinent noninstitutionalized elderly","volume":"140","author":"Diokno","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00147-I","article-title":"Diagnostic classification of female urinary incontinence: an epidemiological survey corrected for validity","volume":"48","author":"Sandvik","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00005","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence","volume":"144","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63191-4","article-title":"Accuracy of survey questions for geriatric urinary incontinence","volume":"159","author":"Kirschner-Hermanns","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.09.007","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence","volume":"181","author":"Danforth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.14","article-title":"BMI, waist circumference, and incident urinary incontinence in older women","volume":"16","author":"Townsend","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.060","article-title":"Racial differences in pelvic morphology among asymptomatic nulliparous women as seen on three-dimensional magnetic resonance images","volume":"193","author":"Hoyte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.08.015","article-title":"Racial differences in pelvic floor muscle thickness in asymptomatic nulliparas as seen on magnetic resonance imaging-based three-dimensional color thickness mapping","volume":"197","author":"Downing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.125703","article-title":"Differences in pelvic floor area between African American and European American women","volume":"187","author":"Baragi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.114914","article-title":"Race as a predictor of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"185","author":"Graham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib30","first-page":"713","article-title":"Racial differences in the structure and function of the stress urinary continence mechanism","volume":"95","author":"Howard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000162074.42692.c7","article-title":"A comparison of urodynamic diagnoses and detrusor muscle function in white and South Indian Asian women","volume":"174","author":"Teo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M299","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.6.M299","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence in older African American and Caucasian women","volume":"54","author":"Fultz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38063-1","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle-aged women","volume":"146","author":"Burgio","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01902375","article-title":"Urinary incontinence during pregnancy in a racially mixed sample: characteristics and predisposing factors","volume":"7","author":"Burgio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115221","article-title":"A comparison of urinary incontinence among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and white women","volume":"184","author":"Duong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123405","article-title":"Patient characteristics that are associated with urodynamically diagnosed detrusor instability and genuine stress incontinence","volume":"186","author":"Klingele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937809021413?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937809021413?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:35:58Z","timestamp":1757586958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937809021413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937809021413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The incidence of urinary incontinence across Asian, black, and white women in the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}