{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:46:12Z","timestamp":1785451572208,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T09:16:13Z","timestamp":1392282973000},"page":"150.e1-150.e15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and metaanalysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"211","author":[{"given":"Maartje N.","family":"Niemeijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris J.","family":"Grooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke M.J.","family":"Bais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris A.","family":"van der Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben W.","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa J.","family":"Roseboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariska M.G.","family":"Leeflang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Painter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198707000-00003","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a review","volume":"42","author":"Jarnfelt-Samsioe","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1003896","article-title":"Clinical practice. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy","volume":"363","author":"Niebyl","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.132","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarium: epidemiologic findings from a large cohort","volume":"193","author":"Bailit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib4","first-page":"35","article-title":"Antenatal hospitalization among enlisted servicewomen, 1987-1990","volume":"84","author":"Adams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib5","first-page":"94","article-title":"Hospitalizations during pregnancy among managed care enrollees","volume":"100","author":"Gazmararian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2011.03.009","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3109\/00016340903284927","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"88","author":"Sandven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2190\/BMXF-9PHY-R9KH-MC28","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum: a biopsychosocial perspective","volume":"10","author":"Katon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-10209","article-title":"[Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy\/hyperemesis gravidarum. Current status of psychosomatic factors]","volume":"204","author":"Leeners","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z\u00a0Geburtshilfe Neonatol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.122592","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: an obstetric syndrome","volume":"186","author":"Goodwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib11","first-page":"CD000145","article-title":"Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Jewell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.942","article-title":"A hierarchical regression approach to meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy evaluations","volume":"19","author":"Rutter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2174\/157340410793362113","article-title":"Risk factors for hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Womens Health Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.03.012","article-title":"Indicators of prolonged hospital stay in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"93","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2006.00632.x","article-title":"Readmission risk and metabolic, biochemical, haematological and clinical indicators of severity in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"46","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2009.041","article-title":"Effect of high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin and estradiol on the severity of hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2715","article-title":"First trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free beta-HCG levels in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"31","author":"Derbent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-002-0412-6","article-title":"Interleukin-6 levels in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"269","author":"Kuscu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib22","first-page":"809","article-title":"Serologic assay of Helicobacter pylori infection. Is it useful in hyperemesis gravidarum?","volume":"48","author":"Berker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2003.00173.x","article-title":"Efficient and non-invasive method for investigating Helicobacter pylori in gravida with hyperemesis gravidarum: Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test","volume":"30","author":"Cevrioglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-23559","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in hyperemesis gravidarum and correlation with symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Erdem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib25","first-page":"615","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum associated with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity","volume":"91","author":"Frigo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-981429","article-title":"Serum lipid peroxidation and antioxidant potential levels in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"24","author":"Guney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2009.11.003","article-title":"Serologic and stool antigen assay of Helicobacter pylori infection in hyperemesis gravidarum: which test is useful during early pregnancy?","volume":"50","author":"Guven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib28","first-page":"579","article-title":"Relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and hyperemesis gravidarum with the use of questionnaire","volume":"59","author":"Hatziveis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-10005","article-title":"Frequent presence of Helicobacter pylori genome in the saliva of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"17","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib30","first-page":"578","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"48","author":"Jacobson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib31","first-page":"86","article-title":"Is lower socio-economic status a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum?","volume":"15","author":"Karaca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73073","DOI":"10.1155\/IDOG\/2006\/73073","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and stool antigen in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"2006","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00298-9","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"79","author":"Kazerooni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(99)00091-0","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"66","author":"Kocak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.05.079","article-title":"The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Hispanic population affected by hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"193","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1759-8","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"284","author":"Mansour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib37","first-page":"833","article-title":"The role of CagA status in gastric and extragastric complications of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"50","author":"Perez-Perez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib38","first-page":"CR12","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori aeropositivity and the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"9","author":"Salimi-Khayati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-008-9261-3","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum: an institution-based case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Sandven","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib40","first-page":"301","article-title":"Relationship between hyperemesis gravidarum and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity","volume":"117","author":"Xia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9709-9","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori stool antigen assay in hyperemesis gravidarum: a risk factor for hyperemesis gravidarum or not?","volume":"52","author":"Aytac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib42","first-page":"417","article-title":"Lack of relationship between infection by Helicobacter pylori and vomiting that usually occurs during pregnancy, although possible relationship with severe forms of emesis","volume":"94","author":"Larraz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-002-0473-6","article-title":"Positive serology for Helicobacter pylori and vomiting in the pregnancy","volume":"270","author":"Shirin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib44","first-page":"38","article-title":"The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in etiology of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (the research carried out in the population of polish women)","volume":"17","author":"Tlolka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ginekol Poloz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00486-1","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the occurrence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy","volume":"189","author":"Weyermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03991.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and severe morning sickness","volume":"96","author":"Reymunde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02853157","article-title":"Correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrointestinal symptoms in pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib48","first-page":"723","article-title":"Is the pancreas responsible for hyperemens gravidarum?","volume":"22","author":"Al-Busaida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00702.x","article-title":"Acidic isoforms of chorionic gonadotrophin in European and Samoan women are associated with hyperemesis gravidarum and may be thyrotrophic","volume":"50","author":"Jordan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf035","article-title":"Pregnancy hormone metabolite patterns, pregnancy symptoms, and coffee consumption","volume":"156","author":"Lawson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1985.tb01084.x","article-title":"Serum chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), schwangerschaftsprotein 1 (SP1), progesterone and oestradiol levels in patients with nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy","volume":"92","author":"Masson","year":"1985","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib52","first-page":"1333","article-title":"The role of chorionic gonadotropin in transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"75","author":"Goodwin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349409072502","article-title":"Increased concentration of the free beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"73","author":"Goodwin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6179.1670","article-title":"Raised serum human chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"1","author":"Kauppila","year":"1979","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(96)02737-3","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"55","author":"Leylek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000010111","article-title":"Immunologic and biochemical factors in hyperemesis gravidarum with or without hyperthyroxinemia","volume":"47","author":"Leylek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.594468","article-title":"The impact of severe hyperemesis gravidarum on the triple test screening results","volume":"25","author":"Peled","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(02)00384-3","article-title":"Plasma 5\u2032-nucleotidase activities increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"35","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s004040100210","article-title":"Hormone profile of Kuwaiti women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"266","author":"Al-Yatama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2009.013","article-title":"Serum levels of adenosine deaminase and pregnancy-related hormones in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"37","author":"Taskin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00130-9","article-title":"Thyroid function in hyperemesis gravidarum and correlation with serum leptin levels","volume":"83","author":"Arslan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib62","first-page":"497","article-title":"Thyroid hormone in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"21","author":"Tareen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol (Tokyo 1995)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800410388506","article-title":"Biomarkers and perceived emotional stress in early-stage pregnant taiwanese women with nausea and vomiting","volume":"13","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000299048","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein in predicting pregnancy outcome and in association with early pregnancy vomiting","volume":"18","author":"Kauppila","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5279.666","article-title":"Urinary excretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"1","author":"Fairweather","year":"1962","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02333.x","article-title":"Thyroid function tests are rarely abnormal in patients with severe hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"37","author":"Wilson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348609161494","article-title":"Non-steroid hormones and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) in emetic and non-emetic pregnancy","volume":"65","author":"Jarnfelt-Samsioe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90126-8","article-title":"Hyperemesis gravidarum in relation to estradiol levels, pregnancy outcome, and other maternal factors: a seroepidemiologic study","volume":"156","author":"Depue","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00512.x","article-title":"Gestational thyrotoxicosis and hyperemesis gravidarum: possible role of hCG with higher stimulating activity","volume":"38","author":"Kimura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib70","first-page":"355","article-title":"Morning sickness and thyroid function in normal pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"Mori","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v86i2.46933","article-title":"Gestational thyrotoxicosis associated with emesis in early pregnancy","volume":"86","author":"Ndungu","year":"2009","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080006519.x","article-title":"Are thyroid hormones or hCG responsible for hyperemesis gravidarum? A matched paired study in pregnant Chinese women","volume":"80","author":"Panesar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.12.2164","article-title":"Cell-free fetal DNA is increased in plasma of women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"47","author":"Sekizawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib74","first-page":"696","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: role of human chorionic gonadotropin and 17-hydroxyprogesterone","volume":"55","author":"Soules","year":"1980","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6184.274","article-title":"Raised HCG in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"2","author":"Thornton","year":"1979","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2006.00590.x","article-title":"Leptin and leptin receptor levels in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"46","author":"Aka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib77","first-page":"350","article-title":"Pathogenic role of asialo human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational thyrotoxicosis","volume":"80","author":"Tsuruta","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib78","first-page":"155","article-title":"Thyroid function in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"120","author":"Swaminathan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000299031","article-title":"Some new aspects on emesis gravidarum: relations to clinical data, serum electrolytes, total protein and creatinine","volume":"19","author":"Jarnfelt-Samsioe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1986.tb08667.x","article-title":"Morning sickness and thyroid function","volume":"93","author":"Evans","year":"1986","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.481","article-title":"Status of anti-thyroid peroxidase during normal pregnancy and in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"16","author":"Panesar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.11.012","article-title":"Adjusted leptin level (ALL) is a predictor for hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"124","author":"Demir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib83","first-page":"200","article-title":"Trace element status in plasma and erythrocytes in hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"49","author":"Dokmeci","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0091-1","article-title":"Relation between plasma adenosine and serum TSH levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"273","author":"Murata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00140-1","article-title":"Leptin levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"84","author":"Unsel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050410001680028","article-title":"Serum concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins in normal and hyperemetic pregnancies","volume":"15","author":"Ustun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90475-6","article-title":"Thyroid function in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"143","author":"Bouillon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib88","first-page":"284","article-title":"Increased serum reverse triiodothyronine in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"102","author":"Juras","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348809004271","article-title":"Plasma zinc concentration and thyroid function in hyperemetic pregnancies","volume":"67","author":"Lao","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s004049900052","article-title":"Severity of hyperemesis gravidarum correlates with serum levels of reverse T3","volume":"264","author":"Asakura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-002-0323-6","article-title":"Correlations between interscapular deep temperature and plasma free fatty acid levels in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"268","author":"Asakura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib92","first-page":"383","article-title":"Thyroid function during pregnancy with special reference to hydatidiform mole and hyperemesis","volume":"88","author":"Bruun","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.74","article-title":"Basal metabolic rate in hyperemesis gravidarum: comparison to normal pregnancy and response to treatment","volume":"188","author":"Chihara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(86)90047-X","article-title":"Steroid hormones in emetic and non-emetic pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Jarnfelt-Samsioe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib95","first-page":"639","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone: a prospective study","volume":"101","author":"Lagiou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.127373","article-title":"The T-helper 1\/T-helper 2 balance in peripheral blood of women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"187","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1999.1541","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying immunologic states during pregnancy: possible association of the sympathetic nervous system","volume":"196","author":"Minagawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00236-X","article-title":"Serum adenosine deaminase activity in women with hyperemesis gravidarum","volume":"324","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib99","first-page":"33","article-title":"The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different countries","volume":"9","author":"Pounder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.11.1061","article-title":"Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests","volume":"282","author":"Lijmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050090","article-title":"Evidence of bias and variation in diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"174","author":"Rutjes","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeflang M, Reitsma J, Scholten R, J et\u00a0al. Impact of adjustment for quality on results of metaanalyses of diagnostic accuracy. Clin Chem 2007;53:164-72.","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.076398"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-19","article-title":"No role for quality scores in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"5","author":"Whiting","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.01.016","article-title":"The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed","volume":"58","author":"Deeks","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937814001392?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937814001392?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:57:36Z","timestamp":1757588256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937814001392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937814001392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and metaanalysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}