{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:23:25Z","timestamp":1791181405392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,22]],"date-time":"2014-03-22T20:28:01Z","timestamp":1395520081000},"page":"226.e1-226.e7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The effects of reproductive hormones on the physical properties of cervicovaginal fluid"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Moncla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Meyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Bunge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Hillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae","volume":"306","author":"Cole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.87","article-title":"Human cervicovaginal mucus contains an activity that hinders HIV-1 movement","volume":"6","author":"Shukair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1021\/bm900344q","article-title":"Movements of HIV-virions in human cervical mucus","volume":"10","author":"Boukari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomacromol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7560","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.11.7560","article-title":"Cationic polypeptides are required for anti-HIV-1 activity of human vaginal fluid","volume":"175","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2003.021","article-title":"New sensitive method for the measurement of lysozyme and lactoferrin for the assessment of innate mucosal immunity. part I: time-resolved immunofluorometric assay in serum and mucosal secretions","volume":"41","author":"Bard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med: CCLM \/ FESCC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.3009-3015.2005","article-title":"Lactoferrin prevents dendritic cell-mediated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission by blocking the DC-SIGN\u2014gp120 interaction","volume":"79","author":"Groot","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.3.1141","article-title":"Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity by secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor occurs prior to viral reverse transcription","volume":"90","author":"McNeely","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(95)00907-8","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) replication is unaffected by human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor","volume":"29","author":"Turpin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F39","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200311070-00001","article-title":"Human epithelial beta-defensins 2 and 3 inhibit HIV-1 replication","volume":"17","author":"Quinones-Mateu","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg209","article-title":"Accuracy of sperm-cervical mucus penetration tests in evaluating sperm motility in semen: a systematic quantitative review","volume":"18","author":"Ola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib11","first-page":"247","article-title":"The use of pelvic sonography and serum estrodiol and progesterone assays in diagnosis and treatment of cervical factor","volume":"9","author":"Check","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infertility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)38342-X","article-title":"Effects of microdose norgestrel on endogenous gonadotropic and steroid hormones, cervical mucus properties, vaginal cytology, and endometrium","volume":"22","author":"Moghissi","year":"1971","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(96)00191-6","article-title":"Temporal relationship between Uniplant insertion and changes in cervical mucus","volume":"54","author":"Barbosa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)00477-9","article-title":"Timing of onset of contraceptive effectiveness in Depo-Provera users: part I, changes in cervical mucus","volume":"69","author":"Petta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.06.006","article-title":"Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cervical mucus quality and sperm penetrability","volume":"82","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328013d9b5","article-title":"PRO\u00a02000 elicits a decline in genital tract immune mediators without compromising intrinsic antimicrobial activity","volume":"21","author":"Keller","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00083-9","article-title":"Differential expression of the natural antimicrobials, beta-defensins 3 and 4, in human endometrium","volume":"59","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-1-116","article-title":"Innate immune defences in the human endometrium","volume":"1","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol: RB&E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70155-5","article-title":"Use of hormonal contraceptives and HIV acquisition in women: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"13","author":"Polis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70247-X","article-title":"Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Heffron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328270388a","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive use, herpes simplex virus infection, and risk of HIV-1 acquisition among Kenyan women","volume":"21","author":"Baeten","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833a2537","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition: reanalysis using marginal structural modeling","volume":"24","author":"Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181743936","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal yeast, but not vaginal cleansing, increase HIV-1 acquisition in African women","volume":"48","author":"van de Wijgert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001251","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among African couples","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200303000-00016","article-title":"Glycosidase and proteinase activity of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"30","author":"Olmsted","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transmit Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991914438","article-title":"Mucinase and sialidase activity of the vaginal microflora: implications for the pathogenesis of preterm labour","volume":"10","author":"Howe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0701658","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human cervico-vaginal fluid","volume":"6","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0700899","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluids","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Proteome Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937814002695?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937814002695?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T10:58:28Z","timestamp":1757588308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937814002695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937814002695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of reproductive hormones on the physical properties of cervicovaginal fluid","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}