{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:58:18Z","timestamp":1792155498634,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]],"date-time":"2015-09-27T10:20:45Z","timestamp":1443349245000},"page":"449.e1-449.e41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":427,"title":["Racial\/ethnic standards for fetal growth: the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"213","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1774-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germaine M.","family":"Buck Louis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagteshwar","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Sciscione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Grobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Wapner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"D\u2019Alton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Skupski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Nageotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela C.","family":"Ranzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3268-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward K.","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Craigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Hediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungduk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0276-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Grantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301272","article-title":"Trends in racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality rates in the United States, 1989\u20132006","volume":"104","author":"Rossen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0171","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age of a national cohort of extremely low birth weight infants who were born in 1996-1997","volume":"116","author":"Mikkola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6765","article-title":"Ovarian hyporesponsiveness to follicle stimulating hormone in adolescent girls born small for gestational age","volume":"85","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8657","article-title":"Reduced ovulation rate in adolescent girls born small for gestational age","volume":"87","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib5","first-page":"463","article-title":"Small for gestational age (SGA): endocrine and metabolic consequences and effects of growth hormone treatment","volume":"17","author":"Hokken-Koelega","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00350.x","article-title":"Birthweight, vitamin D receptor genotype and the programming of osteoporosis","volume":"15","author":"Dennison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.034884","article-title":"Birth characteristics and subsequent risks of maternal cardiovascular disease: effects of gestational age and fetal growth","volume":"124","author":"Bonamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01802.x","article-title":"Developmental plasticity and human disease: research directions","volume":"261","author":"Gluckman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A\u00a0United States national reference for fetal growth","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3285","article-title":"United States birth weight reference corrected for implausible gestational age estimates","volume":"133","author":"Talge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000345","article-title":"A\u00a0revised birth weight reference for the United States","volume":"124","author":"Duryea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib12","series-title":"Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology","first-page":"168","article-title":"Fetal growth, measurement and evaluation","author":"Hediger","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199203000-00015","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation: definition, classification, an etiology","volume":"35","author":"Pollack","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6357","article-title":"Ultrasound-derived fetal size nomogram for a sub-Saharan African population: a longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"Landis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2014.882412","article-title":"Modeling fetal growth in a bi-ethnic sample: results from the Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohort","volume":"41","author":"Norris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births in the United States, 2013","volume":"175","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"First births to older women continue to rise","volume":"152","author":"Mathews","year":"2014","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib18","series-title":"Anthropometric standardization reference manual","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001348","article-title":"Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status","volume":"82","author":"Ulijaszek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90298-4","article-title":"Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements\u2013a prospective study","volume":"151","author":"Hadlock","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib21","series-title":"Mixed-effects models in S and S-Plus (statistics and computing)","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2393","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls","volume":"338","author":"Sterne","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib23","first-page":"429","article-title":"Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: parsimonious parametric modeling","volume":"43","author":"Royston","year":"1994","journal-title":"JRSS Series C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2307\/2683591","article-title":"LOWESS: a program for smoothing scatterplots by robust locally weighted regression","volume":"35","author":"Cleveland","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70186-X","article-title":"Fetal growth and ethnic variation","volume":"2","author":"Albert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2013","article-title":"Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology of pathophysiology","volume":"94","author":"Hanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000148452.98518.D5","article-title":"Differences in size at birth are determined by differences in growth velocity during early prenatal life","volume":"57","author":"Milani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0423","article-title":"Fetal size in a rural Melanesian population with minimal risk factors for growth restriction: as observational ultrasound study from Papua New Guinea","volume":"92","author":"Unger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12313","article-title":"Maternal racial origin and adverse pregnancy outcome: a cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Khali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-1","article-title":"Does one size fit all? The case for ethnic-specific standards of fetal growth","volume":"8","author":"Kierans","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61490-2","article-title":"International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70121-4","article-title":"The likeness of fetal growth and newborn size across non-isolated populations in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project: the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study and Newborn Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2","author":"Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600697447","article-title":"Geographical variation in neonatal phenotype","volume":"85","author":"Leary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073058","article-title":"Ethnic differences in neonatal body composition in a multi-ethnic population and the impact of parental factors: a population-based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Sletner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib35","author":"Humes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin:"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.038","article-title":"Unexpected complications of low-risk pregnancies in the United States","author":"Danilack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.11204","article-title":"Fetal growth: a review of terms, concepts and issues relevant to obstetrics","volume":"41","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1500523","article-title":"A\u00a0new initiative on precision medicine","volume":"372","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937815008984?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937815008984?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:03:54Z","timestamp":1757588634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937815008984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937815008984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racial\/ethnic standards for fetal growth: the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Mosby, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}