{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:10:15Z","timestamp":1791666615823,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008723","name":"Suomen L\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008376","name":"Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TYH2013340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYH2013340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008376","name":"Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TYH2013308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYH2013308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T07:58:11Z","timestamp":1469519891000},"page":"768.e1-768.e8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Immune activation enhances epithelial nerve growth in provoked vestibulodynia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Tommola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Unkila-Kallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Paetau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Meri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eija","family":"Kalso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Paavonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001359","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"127","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-198809000-00005","article-title":"The histopathology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Pyka","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.028","article-title":"Histologic and receptor analysis of primary and secondary vestibulodynia and controls: a prospective study","volume":"202","author":"Goetsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.10.1098","article-title":"Activation of vestibule-associated lymphoid tissue in localized provoked vulvodynia","volume":"212","author":"Tommola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(96)00447-4","article-title":"Elevated tissue levels of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"89","author":"Foster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460320.95267.5d","article-title":"Site-specific mesenchymal control of inflammatory pain to yeast challenge in vulvodynia-afflicted and pain-free women","volume":"156","author":"Foster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121869","article-title":"Defective regulation of the proinflammatory immune response in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"186","author":"Gerber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90237-V","article-title":"Increased content and transport of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory nerves innervating inflamed tissue: evidence for a regulatory function of nerve growth factor in\u00a0vivo","volume":"49","author":"Donnerer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/pgp.0b013e318140021b","article-title":"Involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of localized vulvodynia","volume":"27","author":"Bornstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000082112","article-title":"The major histopathologic characteristics in the vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Halperin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1159\/000010045","article-title":"Increased intraepithelial innervation in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Bohm-Starke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(03)00085-5","article-title":"Increased vanilloid receptor VR1 innervation in vulvodynia","volume":"8","author":"Tympanidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19911115)68:10<2192::AID-CNCR2820681018>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"A\u00a0clinicopathologic and immunomorphologic study of 13 cases of ganglioglioma","volume":"68","author":"Diepholder","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01466.x","article-title":"Long-term well-being after surgical or conservative treatment of severe vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"91","author":"Tommola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib15","article-title":"Interleukin-6 increases expression of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 through STAT3 in colorectal adenocarcinoma","author":"Rasanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib16","first-page":"789","article-title":"A\u00a0quantitative method for the assessment of intraepidermal nerve fibers in small-fiber neuropathy","volume":"252","author":"Koskinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib17","series-title":"Modern colposcopy, textbook and atlas","first-page":"28","article-title":"Anatomy and histology of the normal female lower genital tract","author":"Ferris","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2174\/187152708783885174","article-title":"The biology of neurotrophins, signaling pathways, and functional peptide mimetics of neurotrophins and their receptors","volume":"7","author":"Skaper","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31821b1ac5","article-title":"Antagonism of nerve growth factor-TrkA signaling and the relief of pain","volume":"115","author":"Mantyh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.9","article-title":"Terminology: nomenclature of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","volume":"1","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3182a55591","article-title":"CD4-positive T-cell recruitment in primary-provoked localized vulvodynia: potential insights into disease triggers","volume":"18","author":"Leclair","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib22","first-page":"91","article-title":"The immunolocalization of protein gene product 9.5 using rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies","volume":"69","author":"Wilson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000079663","article-title":"Hyperinnervation and mast cell activation may be used as histopathologic diagnostic criteria for vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"58","author":"Bornstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31821c33dc","article-title":"Differences in primary compared with secondary vestibulodynia by immunohistochemistry","volume":"117","author":"Leclair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328344e266","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterisation of dendritic cells in human atherosclerotic lesions: possible pitfalls","volume":"43","author":"Van Vre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-2082-7","article-title":"Neurofilament dynamics and involvement in neurological disorders","volume":"360","author":"Gentil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.01.003","article-title":"Neurofilament assembly and function during neuronal development","volume":"32","author":"Laser-Azogui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib28","series-title":"Principles of neural science","first-page":"472","author":"Kandel","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000177330.35147.70","article-title":"Small fibre neuropathies","volume":"18","author":"Lauria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.03.028","article-title":"Trigeminal small-fiber sensory neuropathy causes burning mouth syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Lauria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03023.x","volume":"17","author":"Lauria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12392-6","article-title":"Sensory fibres expressing capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in patients with rectal hypersensitivity and faecal urgency","volume":"361","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000154402.01710.95","article-title":"Altered corneal nerves in aqueous tear deficiency viewed by in\u00a0vivo confocal microscopy","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib34","first-page":"110","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Friedrich","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70189-8","article-title":"Subgrouping of patients with neuropathic pain according to pain-related sensory abnormalities: a first step to a stratified treatment approach","volume":"11","author":"Baron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.08.014","article-title":"The effect of oxcarbazepine in peripheral neuropathic pain depends on pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phenotype-stratified study","volume":"155","author":"Demant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00442-0","article-title":"Vestibular tactile and pain thresholds in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Pukall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.09.012","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis severity: assessment by sensory and pain testing modalities","volume":"107","author":"Lowenstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.028","article-title":"Psychophysical properties of female genital sensation","volume":"154","author":"Farmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90366-2","article-title":"Nerve growth factor contributes to the generation of inflammatory sensory hypersensitivity","volume":"62","author":"Woolf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8593","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3993-14.2015","article-title":"Persistent nociception triggered by nerve growth factor (NGF) is mediated by TRPV1 and oxidative mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Eskander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.053","article-title":"Functional distinction between NGF-mediated plasticity and regeneration of nociceptive axons within the spinal cord","volume":"272","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000201","article-title":"Nociceptive and inflammatory mediator upregulation in a mouse model of chronic prostatitis","volume":"156","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.04.005","article-title":"Clinical trial of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor dilmapimod in neuropathic pain following nerve injury","volume":"15","author":"Anand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05308.x","article-title":"Increased innervation of the vulval vestibule in patients with vulvodynia","volume":"148","author":"Tympanidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib46","first-page":"910","article-title":"Reliability and reproducibility of novel methodology for assessment of pressure pain sensitivity in pelvis","volume":"13","author":"Zolnoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01248.x","article-title":"Long-term follow up of posterior vestibulectomy for treating vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"90","author":"Tommola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937816304720?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937816304720?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:12:46Z","timestamp":1757589166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937816304720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937816304720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immune activation enhances epithelial nerve growth in provoked vestibulodynia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}