{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:44:31Z","timestamp":1790502271936,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T10:07:51Z","timestamp":1481278071000},"page":"352-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Syphilis during pregnancy: a preventable threat to maternal-fetal health"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha W.F.","family":"Rac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula A.","family":"Revell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Eppes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6444a3","article-title":"Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis\u2013United States 2012-2014","volume":"64","author":"Bowen","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2007.007258","article-title":"Primary syphilis","volume":"19","author":"Eccleston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000261456.09797.1b","article-title":"The need and plan for global elimination of congenital syphilis","volume":"34","author":"Schmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib4","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. The global elimination of congenital syphilis: rationale and strategy for action. Available at: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/43782\/1\/9789241595858_eng.pdf. Accessed Aug. 20,\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO validates elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/topics\/rtis\/emtct-validation-cuba\/en\/. Accessed Aug. 15,\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Thailand is first country in Asia to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis. Available at: http:\/\/www.searo.who.int\/mediacentre\/releases\/2016\/1627\/en\/. Accessed Aug. 15,\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Armenia, Belarus and the Republic of Moldova. Available at: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/media-centre\/sections\/press-releases\/2016\/06\/who-validates-elimination-of-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv-and-syphilis-in-armenia,-belarus-and-the-republic-of-moldova. Accessed Aug. 15,\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STD surveillance 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats15\/syphilis.htm. Accessed Aug. 12,\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib9","series-title":"Harrison's principles of internal medicine","article-title":"Syphilis","author":"Lukehart","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib10","series-title":"Williams obstetrics","author":"Cunningham","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STD treatment guidelines 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/tg2015\/. Accessed July 15,\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(98)80021-9","article-title":"Syphilis","volume":"22","author":"Hollier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib13","first-page":"424","article-title":"The prevention and management of congenital syphilis: an overview and recommendations","volume":"82","author":"Salooje","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102203","article-title":"Reported estimates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with and without syphilis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1258\/09564620260079653","article-title":"WHO Antenatal Care Trial Research Group. The epidemiology of syphilis in pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Lubiganon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070102","article-title":"Factors associated with serological cure and the serofast state of HIV-negative patients with primary, secondary, latent and tertiary syphilis","volume":"8","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415573677","article-title":"No improvement in serological response among serofast latent patients retreated with benzathine penicillin","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4114","article-title":"Screening for syphilis: updated evidence report and systemic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"315","author":"Cantor","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1086\/342952","article-title":"Syphilis in pregnancy in Tanzania. I. Impact of maternal syphilis on outcomes of pregnancy","volume":"186","author":"Watson-Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.1","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of tests for syphilis","volume":"8","author":"Larsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib21","unstructured":"Association of Public Health Laboratories, Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Expert\u00a0Consultation Meeting Summary Report. Available at: https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/programs\/infectious_disease\/std\/Documents\/ID_2009Jan_Laboratory-Guidelines-Treponema-pallidum-Meeting-Report.pdf. Accessed August 23,\u00a02016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib22","first-page":"133","article-title":"Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening\u2013five laboratories, United States, 2006-2010","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ445","article-title":"Discordant syphilis immunoassays in pregnancy: perinatal outcome and implications for clinical management","volume":"61","author":"Mmeje","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir524","article-title":"Screening for syphilis with the treponemal immunoassay: analysis of discordant serology results and implications for clinical management","volume":"204","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00547-7","article-title":"State laws regarding prenatal syphilis screening in the United States","volume":"189","author":"Hollier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/07399339509516185","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening for syphilis","volume":"16","author":"Abyad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/jms.7.1.7","article-title":"Strategic options for antenatal screening for syphilis in the UK","volume":"7","author":"Connor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-10-200905190-00008","article-title":"Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement","volume":"150","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000997","article-title":"Third trimester prenatal syphilis screening","volume":"126","author":"Albright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.12.012","article-title":"Cost and clinical utility of repeated syphilis screening in third trimester pregnancy in a high-risk population","volume":"210","author":"Shiber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33340-3","article-title":"Fetal syphilis in the first trimester","volume":"124","author":"Harter","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199702)17:2<119::AID-PD39>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"In utero infection with Treponema pallidum in early pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Lawrence","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib33","first-page":"890","article-title":"Identification of Treponema pallidum in amniotic fluid and fetal blood from pregnancies complicated by congenital syphilis","volume":"78","author":"Wendel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib34","first-page":"947","article-title":"Fetal syphilis: clinical and laboratory characteristics","volume":"97","author":"Hollier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.049","article-title":"Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment","volume":"211","author":"Rac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib36","first-page":"97","article-title":"Fetal syphilis: correlation of sonographic findings and rabbit infectivity testing of amniotic fluid","volume":"2","author":"Lawrence","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib37","first-page":"967","article-title":"Examination of amniotic fluid in diagnosis congenital syphilis with fetal death","volume":"74","author":"Wendel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91993-7","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella","volume":"2","author":"Daffos","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S200","DOI":"10.1086\/342108","article-title":"Treatment of syphilis in pregnancy and prevention of congenital syphilis","volume":"35","author":"Wendel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.Supplement_1.S23","article-title":"Treatment of syphilis, 1993","volume":"20","author":"Rolfs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993933","article-title":"Nonimmune hydrops fetalis due to congenital syphilis associated with negative intrapartum maternal serology screening","volume":"15","author":"Levine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198510000-00002","article-title":"Early congenital syphilis: clinico-radiologic features in 202 patients","volume":"12","author":"Hira","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.1984.tb08720.x","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of congenital syphilitic hepatitis: implications for pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Long","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib44","first-page":"157","article-title":"Congenital syphilitic hepatitis","volume":"28","author":"Anand","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib45","first-page":"126","article-title":"Placental histopathology of congenital syphilis","volume":"100","author":"Sheffield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(93)90016-A","article-title":"Placental histopathology in syphilis","volume":"24","author":"Qureshi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90110-0","article-title":"Diagnosis of congenital syphilis from placental examination: comparison of histopathology, Steiner stain, and polymerase chain reaction for Treponema pallidum DNA","volume":"27","author":"Genest","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199102000-00011","article-title":"Doppler systolic-diastolic ratios in pregnancies complicated by syphilis","volume":"77","author":"Lucas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(65)80126-3","article-title":"Hematological aspects of congenital syphilis","volume":"66","author":"Whitaker","year":"1965","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3109\/08880010903091897","article-title":"Hemophagocytosis: the cause of anemia and thrombocytopenia in congenital syphilis","volume":"26","author":"Yarali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib51","first-page":"5","article-title":"Efficacy of treatment for syphilis in pregnancy","volume":"93","author":"Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056713","article-title":"Early antenatal care: does it make a difference to outcomes of pregnancy associated with syphilis? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hawkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052363","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment to improve pregnancy outcomes among women with syphilis in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib54","first-page":"355","article-title":"Kinetic study of serum penicillin concentrations after single doses of benzathine and benethamine penicillins in young and old people","volume":"56","author":"Collart","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000238397","article-title":"Penicillin concentrations in serum following weekly injections of benzathine penicillin G","volume":"32","author":"Hagdrup","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02014334","article-title":"Penicillin concentrations in blood and spinal fluid after a single intramuscular injection of penicillin G benzathine","volume":"3","author":"Frentz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib57","first-page":"338","article-title":"Penicillin levels following the administration of benzathine penicillin G in pregnancy","volume":"82","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib58","first-page":"CD001143","article-title":"Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00247-0","article-title":"Persistence of penicillin G benzathine in pregnant group B streptococcus carriers","volume":"90","author":"Weeks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01330.x","article-title":"Treatment of maternal syphilis in rural South Africa: effect of multiple doses of benzathine penicillin on pregnancy loss","volume":"9","author":"Myer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199702000-00007","article-title":"Apparent failure of one injection of benzathine penicillin G for syphilis during pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative African women","volume":"24","author":"Donders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.09.009","article-title":"Maternal and congenital syphilis in Shanghai, China, 2002-2006","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu920","article-title":"Maternal titers after adequate syphilotherapy during pregnancy","volume":"60","author":"Rac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121541","article-title":"Congenital syphilis after maternal treatment for syphilis during pregnancy","volume":"186","author":"Sheffield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90387-9","article-title":"Inadequate treatment of syphilis in pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Mascola","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70223-3","article-title":"Epidemic syphilis: maternal factors associated with congenital infection","volume":"1709","author":"McFarlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib67","first-page":"687","article-title":"Congenital syphilis: the University of Miami\/Jackson Memorial Medical Center experience, 1986-1988","volume":"74","author":"Ricci","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Penicillin in the treatment of syphilis: the experience of three decades","volume":"47","author":"Idsoe","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198505093121905","article-title":"Penicillin allergy and desensitization in serious infections during pregnancy","volume":"312","author":"Wendel","year":"1985","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(87)90037-6","article-title":"Intravenous desensitization to beta-lactam antibiotics","volume":"80","author":"Borish","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01095-09","article-title":"Global challenge of antibiotic-resistant Treponema pallidum","volume":"54","author":"Stamm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000170443.70739.cd","article-title":"A\u00a0study evaluating ceftriaxone as a treatment agent for primary and secondary syphilis in pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib73","first-page":"172","article-title":"Adverse reactions in syphilis therapy","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vener Dis Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01967109","article-title":"Changes in circulating immune complexes during the Jarisch Herxheimer reaction in secondary syphilis","volume":"12","author":"Loveday","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib75","first-page":"375","article-title":"The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction complicating syphilotherapy in pregnancy","volume":"75","author":"Klein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib76","first-page":"313","article-title":"The enigma of the pathogenesis of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction","volume":"52","author":"Aronson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib77","first-page":"120","article-title":"Febrile Herxheimer reaction in neurosyphilis","volume":"31","author":"Putkonen","year":"1951","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e7d065","article-title":"Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction triggered by group B streptococcus intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis","volume":"116","author":"Rac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1948.02900070012003","article-title":"Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in early syphilis","volume":"138","author":"Farmer","year":"1948","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib80","first-page":"859","article-title":"The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction and fetal monitoring changes in pregnant women treated for syphilis","volume":"92","author":"Myles","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1944.02850420006002","article-title":"Penicillin in the prevention and treatment of congenital syphilis","volume":"126","author":"Lentz","year":"1944","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)36018-7","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of the syphilitic pregnant woman","volume":"9","author":"Beerman","year":"1945","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1946.02870110007002","article-title":"Penicillin treatment of the syphilitic pregnant woman","volume":"130","author":"Ingraham","year":"1946","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1948.01520250079008","article-title":"Herxheimer reactions in penicillin treatment of syphilis in pregnancy","volume":"58","author":"Bowen","year":"1948","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Syphilol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(49)90230-6","article-title":"The use of crystalline penicillin G in the treatment of syphilis in pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"Cross","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib86","first-page":"159","article-title":"Treatment of syphilis in pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Vener Dis Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib87","first-page":"575","article-title":"Congenital syphilis revisited","volume":"139","author":"Mascola","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415609862","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcomes following syphilis treatment in pregnancy in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200201000-00006","article-title":"A\u00a0case study of antenatal syphilis screening in South Africa: success and challenges","volume":"29","author":"Beksinska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib90","first-page":"477","article-title":"Fetal liver ultrasound measurements during normal pregnancy","volume":"66","author":"Vintzileos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib91","first-page":"179","article-title":"Placental thickness","volume":"4","author":"Hoddick","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420102","article-title":"Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization","volume":"342","author":"Mari","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90009-V","article-title":"The amniotic fluid index in normal human pregnancy","volume":"162","author":"Moore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.12.018","article-title":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline no. 7: nonimmune hydrops fetalis","volume":"212","author":"Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052_bib95","first-page":"439","article-title":"Diagnostic tools for preventing and managing maternal and congenital syphilis: an overview","volume":"84","author":"Peeling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937816321676?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937816321676?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:13:06Z","timestamp":1757589186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937816321676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937816321676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Syphilis during pregnancy: a preventable threat to maternal-fetal health","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1052","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}