{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:35:50Z","timestamp":1789371350672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T20:42:09Z","timestamp":1488314529000},"page":"604.e1-604.e11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Twenty-four percent of patients with clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm gestations have no evidence of\u00a0either culture-proven intraamniotic infection or\u00a0intraamniotic inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Kyung Joon","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Seok","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Maymon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Offer","family":"Erez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Panaitescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nardhy","family":"Gomez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Hyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term VII: the amniotic fluid cellular immune response","author":"Martinez-Varea","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.03.003","article-title":"The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units cesarean registry: chorioamnionitis at term and its duration-relationship to outcomes","volume":"191","author":"Rouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80030-9","article-title":"Intraamniotic infection and the onset of labor in preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"159","author":"Romero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.02.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis","volume":"37","author":"Tita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib5","first-page":"29","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and prematurity: a critical review","volume":"25","author":"Martinelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70057-5","article-title":"The value of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 determination in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes in the detection of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity","volume":"171","author":"Coultrip","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117680","article-title":"Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"185","author":"Yoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10008","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and prematurity","volume":"8","author":"Goncalves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib9","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effect of clinical and histological chorioamnionitis on the outcome of preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Nasef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.12.024","article-title":"Prenatal inflammation is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes","volume":"210","author":"Bastek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revisiting the diagnostic criteria of clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm birth","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(62)90089-3","article-title":"The aggressive management of ruptured membranes","volume":"83","author":"Russell","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(76)90520-2","article-title":"Maternal deaths in Texas, 1969 to 1973. A report of 501 consecutive maternal deaths from the Texas Medical Association's Committee on Maternal Health","volume":"126","author":"Gibbs","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.8.1085","article-title":"Pregnancy-related mortality in New Jersey, 1975 to 1989","volume":"82","author":"Mertz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70349-4","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and endometritis","volume":"11","author":"Casey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1058773","article-title":"Risk factors for post-operative wound infection in the setting of chorioamnionitis and cesarean delivery","volume":"29","author":"Dotters-Katz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80096-6","article-title":"Septic shock during pregnancy","volume":"159","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2015.08.010","article-title":"Maternal sepsis and septic shock","volume":"32","author":"Chebbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00823.x","article-title":"Maternal death following cardiopulmonary collapse after delivery: amniotic fluid embolism or septic shock due to intrauterine infection?","volume":"64","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib20","first-page":"615","article-title":"Premature rupture of membranes before fetal viability","volume":"64","author":"Taylor","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib21","first-page":"355","article-title":"Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis or refractory postpartum fever of undetermined etiology","volume":"5","author":"Witlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.011","article-title":"Risk factors for uterine atony\/postpartum hemorrhage requiring treatment after vaginal delivery","volume":"209","author":"Wetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib23","first-page":"59","article-title":"Term maternal and neonatal complications of acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"66","author":"Hauth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744995000457","article-title":"Modern management of clinical chorioamnionitis","volume":"3","author":"Westover","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib25","first-page":"909","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and uterine function","volume":"95","author":"Mark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000124","article-title":"Comparison of severity-of-illness scores in critically ill obstetric patients: a 6-year retrospective cohort","volume":"42","author":"Rojas-Suarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)90575-6","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective, controlled study of maternal and perinatal outcome after intra-amniotic infection at term","volume":"145","author":"Yoder","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199312000-00004","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and intraamniotic infection","volume":"36","author":"Newton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00402-5","article-title":"Risk factors for neonatal sepsis","volume":"87","author":"Yancey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib30","first-page":"725","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis and the prognosis for very low birth weight infants","volume":"91","author":"Alexander","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1998.26.2.94","article-title":"Risk factors for neonatal sepsis in offspring of women with prelabor rupture of the membranes at 34-42 weeks","volume":"26","author":"Ladfors","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.16.2.13.16","article-title":"Early diagnosis of bacterial infection in the neonate","volume":"16","author":"Volante","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.034","article-title":"A\u00a0multicenter study on the clinical outcome of chorioamnionitis in preterm infants","volume":"200","author":"Soraisham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4248","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and early childhood outcomes among extremely low-gestational-age neonates","volume":"168","author":"Pappas","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02542.x","article-title":"Dermatitis as a component of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome is associated with activation of Toll-like receptors in epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.04.008","article-title":"Recurrent otitis media with effusion in preterm infants with histologic chorioamnionitis\u2013a 3 years follow-up study","volume":"84","author":"De Felice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550030047032","article-title":"Maternal infection and cerebral palsy in infants of normal birth weight","volume":"278","author":"Grether","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200004000-00004","article-title":"Infection, inflammation and the risk of cerebral palsy","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.11.1417","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis","volume":"284","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10037","article-title":"The epidemiology of cerebral palsy in term infants","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10003","article-title":"Systematic review of chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2677","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy in term and near-term infants","volume":"290","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e90046","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Shatrov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2011.09.002","article-title":"Evidence for the clinical management of chorioamnionitis","volume":"17","author":"Fishman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0249","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term I: microbiology of the amniotic cavity using cultivation and molecular techniques","volume":"43","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib46","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term II: the intra-amniotic inflammatory response","volume":"44","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib47","first-page":"71","article-title":"Diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection","volume":"1","author":"Gibbs","year":"1977","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)90445-7","article-title":"Management of acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"136","author":"Gibbs","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.1.1","article-title":"Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term","volume":"145","author":"Gibbs","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198812000-00001","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of intrapartum versus immediate postpartum treatment of women with intra-amniotic infection","volume":"72","author":"Gibbs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117679","article-title":"The relationship between amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 and funisitis","volume":"185","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.085","article-title":"Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"191","author":"Shim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.11.047","article-title":"The frequency and significance of intraamniotic inflammation in patients with cervical insufficiency","volume":"198","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90409-2","article-title":"Infection and labor. V. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"161","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.040","article-title":"Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib56","first-page":"33","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term VI: acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis according to the presence or absence of microorganisms and inflammation in the amniotic cavity","volume":"44","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90028-4","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6: a sensitive test for antenatal diagnosis of acute inflammatory lesions of preterm placenta and prediction of perinatal morbidity","volume":"172","author":"Yoon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-003-7070-y","article-title":"Amniotic infection syndrome: nosology and reproducibility of placental reaction patterns","volume":"6","author":"Redline","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050600927353","article-title":"Funisitis in term pregnancy is associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.482622","article-title":"The frequency and risk factors of funisitis and histologic chorioamnionitis in pregnant women at term who delivered after the spontaneous onset of labor","volume":"24","author":"Mi Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.104207","article-title":"Fetal exposure to an intra-amniotic inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy at the age of three years","volume":"182","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1047","article-title":"A\u00a0solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression","volume":"21","author":"Heinze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11469.x","article-title":"Maternal fever in term labor in relation to fetal tachycardia, cord artery acidemia and neonatal infection","volume":"104","author":"Herbst","year":"1997","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib64","first-page":"23","article-title":"Clinical chorioamnionitis at term III: how well do clinical criteria perform in the identification of proven intra-amniotic infection?","volume":"44","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0276","article-title":"A\u00a0transcervical amniotic fluid collector: a new medical device for the assessment of amniotic fluid in patients with ruptured membranes","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.1.113","article-title":"Intraamniotic infection in low-birth-weight infants","volume":"157","author":"Sperling","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)80044-5","article-title":"Comparison of gram stain, leukocyte esterase activity, and amniotic fluid glucose concentration in predicting amniotic fluid culture results in preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"167","author":"Gauthier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90014-A","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative study of the diagnostic performance of amniotic fluid glucose, white blood cell count, interleukin-6, and gram stain in the detection of microbial invasion in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"169","author":"Romero","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(95)02176-8","article-title":"Intra-uterine infection in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes: maternal and neonatal characteristics","volume":"62","author":"Averbuch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70142-5","article-title":"Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with a robust host response in fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments","volume":"179","author":"Yoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00122-7","article-title":"Isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from the amniotic cavity and adverse outcome in preterm labor","volume":"92","author":"Yoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00157.x","article-title":"Microbial invasion and cytokine response in amniotic fluid in a Swedish population of women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes","volume":"82","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.757-789.2005","article-title":"Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas as neonatal pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Waites","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2007.22.4.713","article-title":"Cervical length and the risk of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.09.013","article-title":"Amnionitis with Ureaplasma urealyticum or other microbes leads to increased morbidity and prolonged hospitalization in very low birth weight infants","volume":"134","author":"Kirchner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.040","article-title":"Detection of ureaplasmas by the polymerase chain reaction in the amniotic fluid of patients with cervical insufficiency","volume":"38","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.03.035","article-title":"Intraamniotic infection with genital mycoplasmas exhibits a more intense inflammatory response than intraamniotic infection with other microorganisms in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"203","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.07.006","article-title":"The intensity of the fetal inflammatory response in intraamniotic inflammation with and without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity","volume":"197","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.11.032","article-title":"Amniotic fluid infection, inflammation, and colonization in preterm labor with intact membranes","volume":"210","author":"Combs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix: prevalence and clinical significance","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12296","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical significance of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"72","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109036","article-title":"Clinical implications of detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the amniotic cavity with the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"183","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00839-1","article-title":"The clinical significance of detecting Ureaplasma urealyticum by the polymerase chain reaction in the amniotic fluid of patients with preterm labor","volume":"189","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2003.020","article-title":"Biovar diversity of Ureaplasma urealyticum in amniotic fluid: distribution, intrauterine inflammatory response and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003056","article-title":"Microbial prevalence, diversity and abundance in amniotic fluid during preterm labor: a molecular and culture-based investigation","volume":"3","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00830.x","article-title":"Prevalence and diversity of microbes in the amniotic fluid, the fetal inflammatory response, and pregnancy outcome in women with preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes","volume":"64","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.958463","article-title":"Sterile and microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes","volume":"28","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.02.011","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in the placenta and umbilical cord","volume":"11","author":"Redline","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.591460","article-title":"Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in preterm labor with intact membranes and preterm PROM: a study of the alarmin HMGB1","volume":"24","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802212109","article-title":"Evidence of the involvement of caspase-1 under physiologic and pathologic cellular stress during human pregnancy: a link between the inflammasome and parturition","volume":"21","author":"Gotsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12443","article-title":"Intra-amniotic administration of HMGB1 induces spontaneous preterm labor and birth","volume":"75","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib92","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0role for the inflammasome in spontaneous labor at term with acute histologic chorioamnionitis","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib93","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0role for the inflammasome in spontaneous preterm labor with acute histologic chorioamnionitis","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib94","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0role for the inflammasome in spontaneous labor at term","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.054","article-title":"A\u00a0rapid MMP-8 bedside test for the detection of intra-amniotic inflammation identifies patients at risk for imminent preterm delivery","volume":"195","author":"Nien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.040","article-title":"A\u00a0rapid matrix metalloproteinase-8 bedside test for the detection of intraamniotic inflammation in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"197","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2008.079","article-title":"The antenatal identification of funisitis with a rapid MMP-8 bedside test","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1094049","article-title":"About one-half of early spontaneous preterm deliveries can be identified by a rapid matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) bedside test at the time of mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09835.x","article-title":"Bacterial 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction in the detection of intra-amniotic infection","volume":"103","author":"Jalava","year":"1996","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1086\/513669","article-title":"Broad-spectrum bacterial rDNA polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting amniotic fluid infection among women in premature labor","volume":"24","author":"Hitti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib101","first-page":"527","article-title":"Possible association between amniotic fluid micro-organism infection and microflora in the mouth","volume":"109","author":"Bearfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1086\/368205","article-title":"Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in second-trimester amniotic fluid by polymerase chain reaction correlates with subsequent preterm labor and delivery","volume":"187","author":"Gerber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00047.x","article-title":"Microbial invasion and cytokine response in amniotic fluid in a Swedish population of women in preterm labor","volume":"82","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.070","article-title":"Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in midtrimester amniotic fluid: association with amniotic fluid cytokine levels and pregnancy outcome","volume":"191","author":"Perni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2005.04.002","article-title":"Detection and biovar discrimination of Ureaplasma urealyticum by real-time PCR","volume":"19","author":"Yi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01206-08","article-title":"Uncultivated bacteria as etiologic agents of intra-amniotic inflammation leading to preterm birth","volume":"47","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.482609","article-title":"Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in amniotic fluid: association with pregnancy outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.01.181","article-title":"Cytokines in noninvasively obtained amniotic fluid as predictors of fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"215","author":"Kunze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.001","article-title":"Vaginal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations as a point-of-care test is of value in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes","volume":"215","author":"Musilova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.001","article-title":"Vaginal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations as a point-of-care test is of value in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes","volume":"215","author":"Musilova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.917625","article-title":"Vaginal fluid IL-6 and IL-8 levels in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor membrane ruptures","volume":"28","author":"Kacerovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1006621","article-title":"A\u00a0point of care test for interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a step toward the early treatment of acute intra-amniotic inflammation\/infection","volume":"29","author":"Chaemsaithong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1006620","article-title":"A\u00a0rapid interleukin-6 bedside test for the identification of intra-amniotic inflammation in preterm labor with intact membranes","volume":"29","author":"Chaemsaithong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937817303617?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937817303617?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:13:44Z","timestamp":1757589224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937817303617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937817303617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Twenty-four percent of patients with clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm gestations have no evidence of\u00a0either culture-proven intraamniotic infection or\u00a0intraamniotic inflammation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}